2. Objectives
2.01 Analyze the effects of territorial expansion and the admission
of new states to the Union.
2.02 Describe how the growth of nationalism and sectionalism
were reflected in art, literature, and language.
2.03 Distinguish between the economic and social issues that led to
sectionalism and nationalism.
2.04 Assess political events, issues, and personalities that
contributed to sectionalism and nationalism.
2.05 Identify the major reform movements and evaluate their
effectiveness.
2.06 Evaluate the role of religion in the debate over slavery and
other social movements and issues.

3. Trends in Antebellum America, 1810-1860
1. Nationalism (American ID)
2. Expansion (Man Dest)
3. Economic development – infrastructure, Ind
Rev, K Cotton
4. Emotional movements
(Rom, Transcend, Awake)
5. Social reforms (women’s suff, abol, ed, pris)
6. Democratization (Jacksonian)
7. Marshall Ct. decisions  federal power 

4. Regional Specialization
EAST  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  Nation’s “Breadbasket”

5. American Population Centers in 1820

6. American Population Centers in 1860

7. National Origin of Immigrants:
1820 - 1860
Why now?

8. American View of the Irish Immigrant

9. Know-
Nothing
Party:
“The Supreme
Order of the
Star-Spangled
Banner”

11. Cultural Nationalism
American English - Noah Webster, 1828

12. American literature: Washington Irving, James Fennimore
Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne

13. American art:
1) Neoclassical
2) Romanticism: Hudson River school and Transcendentalism
Themes:
► Republican virtue
► Romantic Nationalism
► American identity
► Westward expansion
► Perceptions of American Indians
► Transcendentalism
► costs of civilization?
► restore divine dignity of Man

14. Monticello

15. Virginia State Capitol

16. Jefferson Rotunda
(Univ. of VA), 1819-26

17. Neo-Classical Architecture:
U. S. Customs House, 1836

18. The Capitol Rotunda

19. George Washington
Horatio Greenough, 1841
The “New Cincinnatus”?

20. In Nature’s Wonderland
Thomas Doughty, 1835

21. Niagara
Frederic Church, 1857

22. View of the Catskills, Early Autumn
Thomas Cole, 1837

23. View from Mt. Holyoke: The Oxbow
Thomas Cole, 1836

24. The Course of Empire: The Savage State
Thomas Cole, 1834

25. The Course of Empire: The Arcadian
or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836

26. The Course of Empire: Consummation
Thomas Cole, 1836

27. The Course of Empire: Destruction
Thomas Cole, 1836

28. The Course of Empire: Desolation
Thomas Cole, 1836

29. Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849

30. Watercolors by John Audubon
Stanley Hawk Barred Owl

31. Boston Harbor from Constitution Wharf
Robert Salmon, 1833

32. The Constitution in Boston Harbor
Fitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49

33. Fur Trappers Descending the Missouri
George Caleb Bingham, 1845

34. The Landing of the Pilgrims
Unknown Artist, 1830s

35. Washington Crossing the Delaware
Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851

36. Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees
Charles Bird King, 1821
1. “Noble Savage”

37. Buffalo Bull’s Back
Fat, Head Chief,
Blood Tribe - George
Caitlin, 1832
2. The “Stoic” Indian

38. Mato-Tope – Karl
Bodmer, 1830s
3. The “Demonic” Indian

39. Osage Scalp Dance
John Mix Stanley, 1845

40. Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847
4. The “Doomed” Indian

41. Dying Indian Chief
Contemplating the
Progress of Civilization
Thomas Crawford, 1857

42. Economic Nationalism
First Turnpike, Lancaster, PA (1790)
By 1832: 2400 mi. of roads

43. Cumberland “National Road,” 1811

44. Conestoga Covered Wagons

45. Yankee Clipper Ships

46. Robert Fulton, The Clermont

47. Erie Canal System, 1817-1825

48. The Erie Canal, 1820s

49. Principal Canals in 1840

50. The “Iron Horse” Wins!, 1830
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR
By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

51. The
Railroad
Revolution,
1850s
 Immigrant labor
built the No. RRs.
 Slave labor
built the So. RRs.

52. Inland Freight Rates

53. New Inventions
1800  41 patents approved
1860  4,357 patents approved
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the
latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The
moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks
up his ears.
- German visitor in the 1840s

54. First automated flour mill
Oliver
Evans
First prototype of the locomotive

55. John Deere, Steel Plow (1837)

56. Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Reaper (1831)

57. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

58. Cyrus Field, Transatlantic Cable, 1858

59. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s
Sewing Machine

60. Samuel Slater
“Father of the Factory System”

61. The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

62. Lowell in 1850

63. Lowell Mill

64. Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

65. New England Dominance in Textiles

66. Lowell Girls

67. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I'm a factory girl
Everyday filled with fear
From breathing in the poison air
Wishing for windows!
I'm a factory girl
Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day
And we have such low pay
Wishing for shorten work times!
I'm a factory girl
Never having enough time to eat
Nor to rest my feet
Wishing for more free time!
I'm a factory girl
Sick of all this harsh conditions
Making me want to sign the petition!
So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl
And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

68. Changing Occupation Distributions:
1820 - 1860

69. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings (see handout on
BlackBoard for details):
* Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
* Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)
* McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
* Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
General Incorporation Law
Laissez faire  BUT govt. did much to assist
capitalism!

70. Distribution of Wealth
• During the American Revolution,
45% of all wealth in the top 10% of
the population.
• 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of
the wealth.
• 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over
50% of the wealth.
• The gap between rich and poor was
widening!

71. The Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829)
Early unions were usually local, social, and
weak.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) – legalized
unions and right to strike
Worker pol parties ineffective until post-CW

72. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory
Interchangeable Parts Rifle

73. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Actually invented by a
slave!

74. The Antebellum South
1. Agrarian
2. VA & SC Deep South
3. “Cotton Is King!” 1860 57% of US exports
4. Slow industrialization
5. Rudimentary financial system
6. Inadequate transportation

75. Southern Society (1850)
“Slavocracy”
6,000,000 [plantation owners]
The “Plain Folk”
[white yeoman farmers]
Black Freemen 250,000
Black Slaves
3,200,000
Total US Population  23,000,000
[9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

76. Slave-Owning Population (1850)

77. Distribution of Slave Labor in 1850

78. Southern Population

79. Southern Agriculture

80. Slaves Picking Cotton
on a Mississippi Plantation

81. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

82. Changes in Cotton Production
1820

83. Changes in Cotton Production
1860

84. Value of Cotton Exports
As % of All US Exports

85. Slave Auction Notice, 1823

86. Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

87. Slave Accoutrements
Slave Master
Brands
Slave muzzle

88. Slave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons Slave tag, SC
Slave shoes

89. Anti-Slavery Pamphlet

90. Slaves posing
in front of their
cabin on a
Southern
plantation.

91. A Slave Family

92. Southern Slavery--> An Aberration?
• 1780s: first antislavery society (Philadelphia)
• 1804: slavery eliminated from last N state
• 1807: end of the slave trade, enforced by Royal Navy
• 1820s: Central & S. American republics free slaves
• 1833: abolished in British Empire
• 1844: abolished in French colonies
• 1861: Russian serfs emancipated

93. Runaway Slave Ads

94. Slave Rebellions
in the Antebellum South
Gabriel Prosser
1800 1822

95. Slave Rebellions:
Nat Turner, 1831