2. PREAMBLE
Physical nutritional assessment &Laboratory
analysis
Traditionally, nutritional assessment was done
manually by physical assessment, Data analysis was
also done by calculating variables manually
food companies would send food samples to
laboratories for chemical testing. Chemical testing
involves the incineration of the foods to test the ash for
exact nutritional content.
3. Nutritional Software
Nutritional Software
Software are available as alternative to laboratory nutrition
analysis and physical nutritional assessment. They provide quick
computations of nutritional assessment variable. Other software
utilizes a database of ingredients that have previously been
laboratory tested.
The user can input ingredient data by matching their ingredients
to ingredients found in the database; the analysis can then be
calculated.
In case of anthropometric assessment the user can compute the
required data and nutritional status of an individual or groups
will be indicated by the specific software program
Example of nutritional software are; WHO-anthro,
WHOanthro plus, Nutri-survey, Ena, Epi-INFO, SMART etc
4. ENA
What does ENA stand for?
The acronym ‘ENA’ stands for Emergency Nutrition
Assessment. The original name of the software
associated to the SMART initiative was ‘Nutrisurvey’
but the name was subsequently changed to ENA to
differentiate it better from the general nutrition
software called NutriSurvey.
The purpose of ENA for SMART is to make nutrition
assessments and mortality rate calculations in
emergency situations as easy and reliable as possible.
To achieve this it focuses on the most important
indicators (anthropometric and mortality data)
6. Epi Info
Epi Info is a public domain statistical software for epidemiology
which has been developed by Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Epi Info allows epidemiologists and other public health and
medical professionals to easily and quickly develop a
questionnaire or form, customize the data entry process, check
the survey data for outliers and inconsistent data, conduct a
descriptive analysis of survey data, and easily generate output
files from the analysis.
The program allows for electronic survey creation, data entry,
and analysis. Within the analysis module, analytic routines
include t-tests, ANOVA, nonparametric statistics, cross
tabulations and stratification with estimates of odds ratios, risk
ratios, and risk differences, logistic regression (conditional and
unconditional), survival analysis and analysis of complex survey
data.
8. WHO Anthro & WHO Anthro plus
On the use of the WHO Anthro: Software for assessing
growth and development of the world's children(0-5)yrs.
The software consists of three modules:
Anthropometric calculator
Individual assessment
Nutritional survey
9. WHO anthroPlus
WHO anthroplus is the same as WHO anthro except in the age
categories.
WHO AnthroPlus is a software for the global application of the
WHO Reference 2007 for 5-19 years to monitor the growth of
school-age children and adolescents. To show the continuity
with the WHO Child Growth Standards for 0-5 years these are
included in AnthroPlus for the three indicators that apply.
The software opens by default in English but can be changed to
run in French, Spanish and Russian. It consists of the following
modules:
- Anthropometric calculator
- Individual assessment
- Nutritional survey
10. Anthroprometric calculator
It consists of
Height for age,-stand for stunting
Weight for age-stand for wasting
BMI for age-stand for
Computed in terms of percentile, and analyzed in terms
of Z score
11. Macros for the statistical software packages SPSS,
SAS, S-Plus and STATA to facilitate survey data
analysis.
All four macros, i.e. the SAS, S-Plus, SPSS and STATA
macro calculate the indicators of the attained growth
standards (length/height-for-age, weight-for-age,
weight-for-length, weight-for-height, body mass
index-for-age, head circumference-for-age, arm
circumference-for-age, triceps skinfold-for-age and
subscapular skinfold-for-age).
12. Macros ….
SAS (Statistical Analysis System) is an integrated
system of software products provided by SAS Institute
Inc.. that enables programmers to perform:
Report writing and graphics
Quality improvement
Statistical analysis
Business planning and fore casting
Project management
13. Macros….
Stata is a general-purpose statistical software package
created in 1985 by StataCorp. It is used by many businesses
and academic institutions around the world. Most of its
users work in research, especially in the fields
of economics, sociology, political
science, biomedicine andepidemiology
Stata's capabilities includes data management, statistical
analysis, graphics, simulations, and custom programming.
S-PLUS is a commercial implementation of the S
programming language sold by TIBCO Software Inc..
It features object-oriented programming capabilities and
advanced analytical algorithms.
15. Z-score
In statistics, a standard score indicates how
many standard deviations an observation or datum is
above or below the mean.
16. Z-score…
The WHO Global Database on Child Growth and
Malnutrition uses a Z-score cut-off point of <-2 SD to
classify low weight-for-age, low height-for-age and low
weight-for-height as moderate and severe under
nutrition, and <-3 SD to define severe under nutrition.
The cut-off point of >+2 SD classifies high weight-for-
height as overweight in children.
17. clinicians or researchers can assess the child’s growth and
general nutritional status by using a standardized age- and
sex-specific growth reference to calculate height-for-age Z-
scores (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ), weight-for-
height Z-scores (WHZ) and body-mass-index-for-age Z-
scores (BAZ).
The Z-score system expresses anthropometric values as
several standard deviations (SDs) below or above the
reference mean or median value. Because theZ-score scale
is linear, summary statistics such as means, SDs and
standard errors can be computed from Z-score values. Z-
score summary statistics are also helpful for grouping
growth data by age and sex
