Flat6 Labs Cairo Cycle 15 Bootcamp Day 2 with Dave Parker

Copyright, DKParker, LLC 2020
Flat6 Labs Cairo Cycle 15
Bootcamp – Day 2
Dave Parker
@DaveParkerSEA
www.GetTrajectory.com
@DaveParkerSEA

Day 2 Agenda
¤ How Startup Make Money – 14 Revenue Models
¤ Pricing and Metrics that Matter
¤ Go-to-Market
¤ When, Why and How to Pivot
¤ Traction and Product / Market Fit
¤ Product and Company Roadmap
¤ Funding 101

How Startups Make Money

Do you know?
¤ Cost to Build Known Unknown
¤ Cost to Sell Known Unknown
¤ Price Known Unknown
¤ Profit Known Unknown

Should You Build It?
¤ Creating Value
¤ You’ve identified a problem
¤ Can you build a solution?
¤ Delivering Value
¤ Ship it!
¤ Capturing Value for what you created
¤ Cost to build – last month (and next month)
¤ Cost to Sell
¤ Make a Profit

How not to make money?
¤ Small transaction values are bad
¤ Small percentages are bad
¤ Not being able to capture value is bad
¤ Lumpy sales cycles are bad
¤ Long sales cycles are bad
¤ Pricing too low could kill your idea before you start

Marketing – Finding the right
customers

Marketing – Finding Customers
¤ Messaging/Value Proposition
¤ Does it resonate with the target customer segment
¤ They are the hero of the story
¤ Is it repeatable?
¤ Strategy
¤ Outbound first
¤ Inbound second

Key Metric Terms
¤ State your hypothesis
¤ CAC
¤ LTV
¤ ARPU
¤ Churn
¤ Time to Close
¤ Customer engagement
¤ Time on Site

OrganicSearch
PaidSearch
WordofMouth
SalesCalls
PR
Miracles!
TimetoClose
Month1
Month2
Month3
Month4
$
Spen
d
#
Conv
#
Conv
#
MRR
Time

Marketing Channels
¤ Paid Search
¤ Organic Search
¤ Word of mouth
¤ Sales calls
¤ Public Relations
¤ Affiliate
¤ Email marketing
¤ Social

Marketing Qualified Leads
¤ Define qualified vs list
¤ Suspects
¤ Prospects
¤ Qualified Prospects

Sales Qualified Leads
¤ Hand off to Sales
¤ Identify steps to close
¤ Number of calls

Time to Close
¤ Lead attribution
¤ Source time
¤ Compressing or Expanding
¤ Trend by source

Tracking
¤ Data allows you to know where to double
down and where to hold back
¤ Conversion ratios

Sales – capturing value creation

How will they buy?
¤ Web Direct – place the order to buy on the web
¤ Direct – outbound sales, inside/outside
¤ Indirect/Channel – fulfills demand, doesn’t generate
¤ Retail – BestBuy, etc

Sales Model Hypothesis
Known
Market
Unknown
Market
Low
Price
Point
High
Price
Point
Known
Search
Words
Unknown
Search
words
Web Direct
Direct
Indirect
Retail

Sales
¤ Model – Pick one, why?
¤ Strategy
¤ Who
¤ Tactics
¤ How
¤ Tools
¤ Sales tools

Business Development

¤ Strategic relationships
¤ Who has the list you want
¤ How do you get the partnership

¤ Strategy
¤ Who should you get as a partner
¤ How will you build the relationship?
¤ What channels
¤ Tactics
¤ Messaging/Value proposition
¤ Tools
¤ CRM

How to Monetize Your Startup:
Revenue Models

Business and Revenue Models
¤ Business Models – abstract framework of Creating,
Delivering and Capturing Value
¤ Revenue Models (part of business model) is the
framework of revenue, pricing, who pay
¤ Models Lean toward Tech and Product

1. Fee for Service
¤ Example: Consulting Services company
¤ Use: B2B & B2C
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Project Revenue
¤ Cost of delivering (usually time)
¤ Gross Margin
¤ Services are hard to scale because they require people
to deliver including Restaurant, Contractors, etc.
¤ Services include markup on cost of goods sold

2. Commerce
¤ Example: Amazon, AmazonSupply
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Key Metrics:
¤ Wholesale or cost of goods sold
¤ Average Margin %
¤ Average Basket
¤ Commerce – Physical Goods- Wholesale, cost of goods,
retail, average margin, physical good
¤ Notes: Can mature into marketplace

3. Subscription
¤ Example: Salesforce , Box, Spotify
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)
¤ Conversion ratio – e.g. trial to purchase
¤ Churn
¤ Challenges: MVP won’t be enough to be Kick Ass Product
¤ Notes: Highest multiple, forecastable revenue

4. Metered Servcie
¤ Example: AWS, Splunk, Azure
¤ Use: Favors B2B
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)
¤ Conversion ratio – e.g. trial to purchase
¤ Churn
¤ Challenges: MVP won’t be enough to be Kick Ass Product
¤ Notes: Highest multiple, forecastable revenue

5. Transaction Fees/Rental
¤ Example: 99Designs, KickStarter, Elance, Chugg
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Average transaction revenue
¤ Fee % per transaction
¤ Number of transactions
¤ Challenges: Margins are small (15%), need efficiency
¤ Notes: Don’t start too low

6. Productize a Service
¤ Your offerings is generally complex and requires services
to deploy
¤ Gross margin on Services >35%
¤ Product development comes with services
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Examples: Moz, service company convert to tools.
¤ Challenges – difficult to make the transition away from
services

7. Combinations
¤ Combinations business models happen for two reasons
¤ You don’t know which model is right
¤ At scale you can expand revenue sources
¤ Examples: Hardware sensors + software services to create
data analytics
¤ Challenges – most require scale or at least traction

8. Marketplaces
¤ Example: eBay, Alibaba
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Average Transaction Amount
¤ Number of Monthly Transactions
¤ Commission %
¤ Challenges: two sided market places require you start
with one side, value to seller & Product market fit (x2)
¤ Notes: critical mass or marketplace required

9. Lead Generation
¤ Example: Mint.com, AllStarDirectories, NetQuote
¤ Use: B2C & B2B
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Cost to generate traffic
¤ % conversion of form data
¤ Price per lead
¤ Challenges: Highly competitive, barrier of entry is low
¤ Notes: Conversion rates average 0.06%

10. Gaming
¤ Example: King.com/Candy Crush
¤ Use: B2C Only
¤ Key Metrics:
¤ Downloads
¤ % play
¤ Average in app purchase
¤ Challenges – tends to be “hit driven business”
¤ Notes: use in first 21 days is a predictor of success

11. Advertising/Search
¤ Example: Google, Facebook
¤ Use: B2B – advertisers pay, users are free
¤ Key Metrics
¤ Traffic
¤ Click
¤ Avg. revenue/click
¤ Challenges – Scale, need >1M uniques/month to
consider the option

12. New Media
¤ Example: SnapChat, WhatsApp
¤ Use: B2C only
¤ Key Metrics:
¤ K-Factor (Viral Co-efficient)
¤ Network effect of inviting others to join
¤ Challenges – K-Factor is hard. Little revenue until scale
¤ Notes: Everyone wants to! Not happening in B2B
¤ No revenue acutally required

13. Coin/Tokens
¤ Bitcoin and Blockchain have burst onto the scene over
the last couple of years
¤ Blockchain is a technology
¤ Bitcoin is a token, ICOs have been very succesful but
aren’t a security.

14. Big Data
¤ Examples: PatientsLikeMe
¤ Use: B2B
¤ Key Metrics:
¤ Per API Call
¤ Per record pricing
¤ Frequency/recency
¤ To monetize data, you need to have the data in
advance or massive cash

15. Licensing
¤ Example: Think Microsoft office license or server license –
before subscription. Content Licensing
¤ Use: B2B
¤ Key Metrics:
¤ Duration of license
¤ Upgrades & maintenance (20-25% annually)
¤ Use can be based on vertical market or geography

Revenue Models– Pick Two
1. Fee for Service
2. Commerce
3. Subscription
4. Metered Service
5. Transaction Fee/Rental
6. Productize a Service
7. Combinations
8. Marketplace
9. Lead Generation
10. Gaming
11. Advertising/Search
12. New Media
13. Coins & Tokens
14. Big Data
15. Licensing

Dave’s Madlibs Pitch
Hi, I’m <your name here>, and my company <your Company
name here> the problem I’m solving is <insert problem here>. Our
product <insert product info here> is designed for our target
customer of <insert target customer here>. We make money by
<insert method here> and our team is the right team because
<insert why you’re awesome here>. I need help with <insert help
needed here>.

Pricing

Your price will be wrong!
Increase it every year and
grandfather early customers for a
period of time

Art or Science?
¤ Benchmarks
¤ Comparable products
¤ Don’t start too low
¤ Cost base vs Value based
¤ What is the alternate for the “Job to be Done”?
¤ Remember Freemium is a marketing mechanic, not a
price

Product Pricing
¤ First Product
¤ Staged pricing – up or down over time
¤ Second Product
¤ Staged pricing – up or down over time
¤ Launch timeline based on product road map
¤ Services?
¤ Could it improve you sales cycle

Metrics that Matter

What to track – best practices
¤ Marketing Metrics – “Marketing Motion”
¤ Ad Spend
¤ Traffic
¤ Marketing Qualified Leads (MQLs)
¤ Sales Metrics “Sales Motion”
¤ Outbound/Inbound
¤ MQL to SQL Conversion
¤ Business Development – Partnerships
¤ What’s in it for them?
¤ Pricing

Financial Modeling

Templates
¤ Do this after you get in the program – not highest and
best use today
¤ Four Templates
¤ Marketplace
¤ Subscription
¤ Transaction Fee (works for commerce)
¤ Productize a service
¤ Templates in shared Google Drive

Financial Model Heuristics
¤ $0- $40 is likely OK
¤ Start with Assumptions
¤ Product 1, 2
¤ Services
¤ Release timing
¤ Scale Revenue first
¤ Customer count and timing
¤ Keep expenses in line as you grow

Product Market Fit – PMF

Product Market Fit
Two Epoch’s of every startup
¤ Pre - Product Market Fit
¤ The only thing that matters is getting there
¤ Post – Product Market Fit
¤ A whole new set of questions – Scale, Culture and People

Pre – PMF
¤ Some Revenue
¤ Some Customers
¤ Some Marketing
¤ A lot Hypothesis

Post – PMF
¤ Predictable & Scalable Revenue
¤ Customer profiles
¤ Cohort analysis
¤ Churn
¤ Scalable marketing
¤ Hypothesis + Data

PMF Scorecard
¤ How would you feel if you could no longer use [product]?
¤ The answers are the following:
¤ Very disappointed
¤ Somewhat disappointed
¤ Not disappointed
¤ I no longer use [product]

Tracking Over Time
¤ Churn Rate
¤ Net Negative Churn
¤ NPS vs CSAT
¤ Product usage level
¤ Frequency
¤ Recency
¤ Growth Rate

What is “Traction?”

Predictable/Forecastable Revenue
¤ De-risking your <time> investment
¤ Predictable revenue moves you from valuations based
on trailing 12 to future 12
¤ Target customer
¤ Sales Cycle
¤ Tools trail Strategy and Tactics

Customer Acquisition Hypothesis
¤ Cost of Customer Acquisition (CAC)
¤ Lifetime value of Customer (LTV)
¤ 36 month calculation in a mature business, 12 months for you
¤ Time to close sale
¤ How does this change with product/market maturity?
¤ Churn/Retention
¤ Average Revenue/measure (User, Account, etc)
¤ Word of mouth vs. Virality

Pivoting

What is a Pivot?
¤ When a startup shifts business strategy to accommodate
industry, market, or customer
¤ The process of direct and indirect feedback changing
your business model
¤ Iterations vs. Pivots
¤ Iterations are course corrections
¤ Pivots are painful – we were in the tire business, we’re now in
apps
¤ Odeo and Slack

When & Why
¤ When – 90-180 days
¤ Get out of your head and get in front of the customer
¤ 50-100 customer interviews
¤ Build an email list
¤ Solid effort in Customer Development and no positive
signals
¤ Didn’t find a pain point
¤ Didn’t find payment
¤ Some exceptions – Enterprise is hard and slow… New Media
model is about growth not cash

How to Pivot
¤ Are you staying in the same TAM?
¤ Is the product wrong?
¤ Is the brand wrong?
¤ Focus on problem first, solution second!

Post PivotPainLevel
Willingness to Pay

Lunch – 60 Minutes

Product

Product Vision
¤ Product vision is important
¤ Long term features
¤ Startup with PROBLEM not product – pivot product/
features around the problem
¤ It won’t be what you ship first
¤ What the world looks like before your product
¤ What the world looks like after your product

Minimum Viable Product (MVP)
¤ Narrow and list features
¤ PowerPoint/Keynote first as your demo
¤ What screens do you need to show (e.g. do you need to
really show registration – answer no)
¤ Have them rank the features
¤ Prioritize the build based on the feedback
¤ More Customer Development Interviews!

Product Roadmap
¤ What Features, When
¤ Quarterly targets based on
¤ Budget
¤ Available developers

Cost to Build

Estimating Costs
¤ Write specification
¤ Required for launch
¤ Design & Flow
¤ Post project on Fiverr.com
¤ PPT/Keynote first with design
¤ Test design and flow
¤ Revise specification

MVP Mechanics
¤ MVP Series
¤ Blog 1 – Launching a product
¤ Blog 2 – Writing a spec
¤ Blog 3 – picking a vendor
¤ Blog 4 – Contracts, Monitoring Progress
¤ Cost to market and sell – Next Month!

Company Roadmap

Company Roadmap
¤ Quarterly Targets
¤ Product
¤ Milestones
¤ People
¤ Hires
¤ # and who
¤ Customers
¤ Onboarded
¤ Revenue
¤ Cash out date
This is a
Supporting Slide

Roadmap Cont.
¤ Roadmap is NOT dependent on fundraising
¤ If you raise capital, you move things forward in the roadmap
¤ E.G. items from Q4 move to Q2 next year
¤ Where will you be in 18 and 36 months
¤ Does it map to your financial model
¤ Maps to use of proceeds

Quarterly Roadmap – 18 Months
Q1
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out
Q2
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out
Q3
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out
Q4
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out
Q1
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out
Q2
People
Product
Revenue
Month to
Cash out

Highlight Key Milestones
¤ This is a bit of an eye chart, so highlight key milestones
¤ Product ship dates
¤ First revenue
¤ Key hires

Fundraising Fundamentals

Fundraising 101
● Stage appropriate capital = what’s the right
money at the right time?
○ Early – Angels, early stage VCs,
○ Later – Large venture funds
● Control shifts – Board roles, deal terms
● Dilution: every round of funding you will sell 25-
35% of new shares
● Bad boards = bad enterprise value

Raising for What?
¤ 18 months of runway
¤ Not too short
¤ To hit milestones
¤ Product
¤ Customers
¤ “Use of proceeds”

Angels
● Invest in you and your passion
● Like the market or idea
● Have made money in the sector before
● Something to talk about at a cocktail party!
● Deal type
○ Convertible note with a cap
○ Pro-rata participation (keep my % going
forward)
○ Highest risk – least educated (F&F) should
be best deal

Early Stage = Risk Capital
● Know your numbers, if you don’t have your numbers
know your hypothesis (have a position)
● Seed stage VC’s are investing other people's money
○ Charter and Thesis
○ Stage, vertical market, size, geography
○ 10% (+/-) stakes plus syndicates
● VC perspective - Elusive deals need to be found
○ Revenue but Pre-product market fit
● ”Return the Fund” deals that can produce >10X

Later Stage = Growth Capital
● Post product market fit
● $10K in marketing spend = Internal rate of return (IRR) of
how many days?
● MBA’s calculate returns – cash on cash
● Strategics aren’t valuation sensitive, but will be slow
● Bigger checks – 20% stakes

Fundraising Process
● Enterprise Sales Process – landing multiple planes at the
same time
● Top of the Funnel
○ Research
■ Crunchbase (cheap) Technation UK
■ Pitchbook (expensive)
■ Angelist
■ Competitive deals (w/ Exits)
○ Create a forwardable email
■ Ask for approval
■ Follow with Intro

Target Investors
● Targets – build a list of targets, look for LinkedIn
and/or email introductions
● They have invested in your market/stage in the
past
● They have Board experience for your stage
● They can help with strategic introductions
○ Investors
○ Customers

First Impressions Matter
● Targets – build a list of targets, look for LinkedIn
and/or email introductions
● They have invested in your market/stage in the
past
● They have Board experience for your stage
● They can help with strategic introductions
○ Investors
○ Customers

Monthly Updates
¤ Using MailChimp Free Account
¤ Investors – Tagged
¤ Customers
¤ 30 day intervals
¤ What we thought
¤ What we learned
¤ What we’re doing about it
¤ Where we need help
¤ Regularly

Final Do’s and Don’ts
Do
● Keep your eye on the ball
– don’t miss your numbers
● Manage the process
● Qualify your investor
● Create optionality
● If there’s an ELEPHANT
room, call it out
Don’ts
● Get < 6 Month of capital
● Hide the ball on any bad
news
● Be too transparent
● Let the investor miss a
deadline – escrow
example

Conclusions
● Broad funnel gives you the most choices
● They will be talking to other investors
● How you interact in the process will indicate
the future
● What do you need in addition to capital?
○ Go to market help
○ Product help
○ Know your blind spots
● Time kills ALL deals

Day 2 Deliverables
¤ Pick your primary and secondary revenue models
¤ Pricing
¤ Outline your G2M plan for post selection – have a thesis
¤ When will you know how to Pivot?
¤ What are your questions for PMF?
¤ Product and company roadmap – supporting slides
¤ Fundraising plan

Day 2 Deliverables
1. Title, Value Proposition,
Contact Info
2. Traction
3. Problem/Solution
4. Market – TAM, SAM, SOM
5. Timing/Competition
6. Product Roadmap/Demo
7. How You Make Money/Key
Metrics
8. Go-To-Market
9. Secret Sauce/Moat/IP
10.Team
11.Clear Ask
Supporting Slides – Roadmap,
etc.
Blog Post

Q&A

THANKS!

Supporting Slides

Fundraising Process
● Asking for advice vs cash
○ Who do you know that would like out type
of deal
○ What other things would you like to see us
complete before we talk again
● Deals that get closed are pulled by the
investor, not pushed by you
● Find your lead investors – keep the others
warm

Pitch Prep

Tools for Pitching
¤Forwardable Email
¤Executive Summary
¤Presentation
¤ ~13 Slides
¤ More is OK if you have data/traction
¤Monthly Update

Forwardable Intro Email
¤ Great blog post from Alex Iskold, Techstars NYC
¤ The associate needs to be able to repeat your
message
¤ Make it easy to get the introduction
¤ Avoid buzzword bingo

Not

Executive Summary
¤Two pages
¤ ”Don’t Bury your Lead”
¤ Your headlines and opening paragraph tell the
story (see slide 10)
¤ It’s designed to get the next meeting, not to get
a check
¤ Stay at 10k feet and out of the weeds
¤ Numbers should sync with deck and forecast!
You’ll be tempted to get out of sync – be careful!

Deck
¤Generally lead with problem/solution format
¤However:
¤ If you have traction lead with traction
¤ If you’re in a complex market, you may want to
lead with your team
¤ Have one customer story arch
¤Include contact info

13 Slides for Your Pitch
1. Title, Value Proposition,
Contact Info
2. Presentation Overview
3. Traction
4. Problem/Solution
5. Market
6. Timing
7. Product Roadmap/Demo
8. How You Make Money/Key
Metrics
9. Go-To-Market
10. Secret Sauce/Moat/IP
11. Team
12. Competitive Analysis
13. Clear Ask
Blog Post

Monthly Updates
¤ Every month
¤ Mail Chimp Free Account
¤ Content
¤ What we did
¤ What we’re going to do
¤ Where we could use help
¤ Show steady progress with or without capital

Pitching
Fake Grimlock

Pitching your Idea
¤ Clearly communicating your idea is critical for recruiting
a co-founder and capital
¤ Starting strong
¤ What questions do you want the audience to ask when
you’re through?
¤ Can I invest
¤ Can I help
¤ WTF?

Tools
● Google Sheets
● https://freebusy.io/ allows you to show your calendar
(including multiple Google Calendars) – save the back
and forth ($6/month)
○ Accept or rearrange
● Email tracker pro (chrome extension)
● Zoom Meeting – you control the variables (not free, 45
minute limit) ($15/month)
● Use tools that show professionalism, drive the meeting
schedule – don’t wait on their assistant

What’s happening with the VC?
● Most filter – sector, size, stage, growth, referral source
● Then Screen at Partner Meeting – looking for consensus
● Then invite in for presentation
● So! You need to make the presentation that the most
Junior team member has confidence repeating! Have a
lead within the firm
● No one’s writing a check from an Exec Summary or PPT!
Get the next meeting

Due Diligence Process
• Deal Memo – internal memo used to validate
why they are leading the round – it will likely be
shared with other investors or future investors
• Document review post
• Data room
• Corporate Hygiene
• Customer calls – you likely have a few
customers, don’t over burden them with
random call.
• Meet with other investor

Your Due Diligence
● Ask to talk to their portfolio company CEOs – ask for a
couple of companies they passed on investing as well
● Have a structured list of questions
○ Have they been a good investor
○ Give me an example of a time when they were
helpful
○ Give me an example of a time they weren’t helpful
○ Have they done the things they said they would do
when they invested
● Not all money is good money

Tactics for dealing with VCs
● You want to create momentum or a sense of
momentum
● Create a reason to close – not a reason to wait!
○ Good news next month is a reason to wait
○ New features shipping next month is a reason to way
○ Booked revenue is a reason to close = increased
valuation
● Not all VCs are arrogant assholes (but many are)
○ Pattern matching – break the mold!

Flat6 Labs Cairo Cycle 15 Bootcamp Day 2 with Dave Parker

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