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Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 7:
Family Variation
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
What Types of Families Exist in the 21st Century?
Families in the United States
• Both cultural & legal definitions have expanded
• Psychological Parents – a person serving as a parent who
is not biologically related to the child
• Recognized in certain cases in Canada
• Postmodern Family – a term meant to include all family
variations existing today
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Single-Parent Families
• A family in which one parent is responsible for the
children in a household
• Non-Residential Parents
• A parent who does not live in the primary residence of
their children
• One-half of children with a nonresidential father do not
receive financial support
• Part of this increase in non-residential fathers can be
explained in the growing number of teen and adult
unmarried fathers
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Traditional or Nuclear Families
• Americans still idealize traditional families
• 6-10% of American children live with both of their biological
parents
• Enjoy a better financial situation than single or divorced
parents
• Married people live longer
• Married people have better mental health
• Married people enjoy better sex lives
• 87% of Asian children live in traditional families
• 78% of non-Hispanic whites live in traditional families
• 69% of Hispanics live in traditional families
• 38% of Blacks live in traditional families
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Cohabitating Families
• A heterosexual coupling living together without being
married
• Types of Cohabitation
– Trial Marriage – cohabitation to assess whether
parents are sufficiently compatible for marriage
○ Recent studies suggest that many cohabitating
couples have no intention of getting married
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Heuveline & Timberlake’s 5 categories of cohabitation
– Prelude to Marriage
– Stage in the Marriage Process
– Alternative to Singlehood
– Alternative to Marriage
– Indistinguishable from Marriage
• Disadvantages of Cohabitation
– Cohabitation Effect – A phenomenon in which couples
who cohabit before they marry are more likely to divorce
– More negative couple communication
– Higher levels of physical aggression
– More symptoms of anxiety & depression
– Religious objections
– Negative Effects on children
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
Singles
• Perceptions of singles have changed
• About 33% of adults; 48% if widowhood & divorced
peoples are included
• Reasons include preference to focus on education or
career goals, intending to marry later; not having found
“soul mate”; & lack of available time
• Successful women report they don’t have time to date
and that men are intimidated
• Most practice Serial Monogamy
• An involvement in a single exclusive relationship
followed by another exclusive relationship
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Same Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, & Domestic Partnerships
– Until 2000 no same-sex couples were entitled to legal
benefits married couples were
• Same-Sex Marriage – a marriage in which same-sex couples
are united legally with the legal rights guaranteed by the
federal government to traditional married couples
• Civil Union – Same-sex couples recognized in certain states
without the legal rights guaranteed by the federal
government
• Domestic Partnership – Same-sex or cohabitating couples
recognized in certain states, but without the legal rights
guaranteed by the federal government
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Same Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, & Domestic Partnerships
• 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, prohibiting federal benefits to same-
sex couples
• As of 2011, five states allow civil unions, three allow same-sex
marriage, four states grant almost all state-level spousal rights to
domestic partnerships, and three states and Washington D.C. give
some state-level spousal right to domestic partnerships
• Current Trends & Attitudes
– 54% of Americans oppose making same-sex marriage legal
• Parent-Child Relationships
– Children show little difference in emotional & social
development
– No difference in gender-identity confusion
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Remarried, Blended, or Stepfamilies
• The family of a person who remarries after divorce or death of the
spouse, including all children
– A man or woman may marry but not legally adopt the spouse’s
children
• Issues in Creating a Stepfamily
– Stage 1: Fantasy – fantasize what life will be like
– Stage 2: Immersion – reality sets in
– Stage 3: Awareness – begin to make sense of situation
– Stage 4: Mobilization – stepparents take a firmer role
– Stage 5: Action – couples work together to begin building new
family
– Stage 6: Contact – stepparents & stepchildren begin to get to
know each other
– Stage 7: Resolution – family relationships are solid & reliable
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Divorced Families
• Divorce – the legal
termination of a
marriage
– Rates rose from
1960-1980 & then
declined to 1970
level
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Polygamous Families
• Polygamy – marriage between one person & more than one
spouse
– Polyandry – a woman with multiple husbands
– Polygyny – a man with multiple wives
• 20,000-40,000 estimated to practice polygamy
• Bigamy – entering into a marriage with one person while still
married to another
• Negative Effects
– Negative psychological & physical effects on wives &
children
– Lower educational achievement of children
○ Another study found no differences
– Increased rates of poverty, physical abuse, & illiteracy
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Get the Topic
• Grandparent Families
• Rates increasing
• Effects on Grandparents
– Challenges of raising children along with issues relating
to age & circumstances
– Develop & maintain close relationships with
grandchildren
○ More so for grandmothers
• Effects on Grandchildren
– Have issues related to negative circumstances of their
parents’ leaving
– No ill effects when compared to other non-traditional
families
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Think Marriages & Families
What Theories Are Used to Analyze Family Organization &
Relationships?
• Functionalism
• Variations in the family lead to societal dysfunction
• Conflict Theory
• “Haves”’ ideology can operate as a justification for
promoting inequality
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Socialization or self development process is reciprocal
between parents & children
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
Discover Marriages & Families in Action
What Family Issues Are Currently Being Debated in the United
States?
• The Gay Blogger & Miss California

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Stanford7

  • 1. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7: Family Variation
  • 2. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic What Types of Families Exist in the 21st Century? Families in the United States • Both cultural & legal definitions have expanded • Psychological Parents – a person serving as a parent who is not biologically related to the child • Recognized in certain cases in Canada • Postmodern Family – a term meant to include all family variations existing today
  • 3. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 4. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Single-Parent Families • A family in which one parent is responsible for the children in a household • Non-Residential Parents • A parent who does not live in the primary residence of their children • One-half of children with a nonresidential father do not receive financial support • Part of this increase in non-residential fathers can be explained in the growing number of teen and adult unmarried fathers
  • 5. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Traditional or Nuclear Families • Americans still idealize traditional families • 6-10% of American children live with both of their biological parents • Enjoy a better financial situation than single or divorced parents • Married people live longer • Married people have better mental health • Married people enjoy better sex lives • 87% of Asian children live in traditional families • 78% of non-Hispanic whites live in traditional families • 69% of Hispanics live in traditional families • 38% of Blacks live in traditional families
  • 6. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 7. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Cohabitating Families • A heterosexual coupling living together without being married • Types of Cohabitation – Trial Marriage – cohabitation to assess whether parents are sufficiently compatible for marriage ○ Recent studies suggest that many cohabitating couples have no intention of getting married
  • 8. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Heuveline & Timberlake’s 5 categories of cohabitation – Prelude to Marriage – Stage in the Marriage Process – Alternative to Singlehood – Alternative to Marriage – Indistinguishable from Marriage • Disadvantages of Cohabitation – Cohabitation Effect – A phenomenon in which couples who cohabit before they marry are more likely to divorce – More negative couple communication – Higher levels of physical aggression – More symptoms of anxiety & depression – Religious objections – Negative Effects on children
  • 9. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic Singles • Perceptions of singles have changed • About 33% of adults; 48% if widowhood & divorced peoples are included • Reasons include preference to focus on education or career goals, intending to marry later; not having found “soul mate”; & lack of available time • Successful women report they don’t have time to date and that men are intimidated • Most practice Serial Monogamy • An involvement in a single exclusive relationship followed by another exclusive relationship
  • 10. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 11. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 12. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Same Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, & Domestic Partnerships – Until 2000 no same-sex couples were entitled to legal benefits married couples were • Same-Sex Marriage – a marriage in which same-sex couples are united legally with the legal rights guaranteed by the federal government to traditional married couples • Civil Union – Same-sex couples recognized in certain states without the legal rights guaranteed by the federal government • Domestic Partnership – Same-sex or cohabitating couples recognized in certain states, but without the legal rights guaranteed by the federal government
  • 13. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 14. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Same Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, & Domestic Partnerships • 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, prohibiting federal benefits to same- sex couples • As of 2011, five states allow civil unions, three allow same-sex marriage, four states grant almost all state-level spousal rights to domestic partnerships, and three states and Washington D.C. give some state-level spousal right to domestic partnerships • Current Trends & Attitudes – 54% of Americans oppose making same-sex marriage legal • Parent-Child Relationships – Children show little difference in emotional & social development – No difference in gender-identity confusion
  • 15. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Remarried, Blended, or Stepfamilies • The family of a person who remarries after divorce or death of the spouse, including all children – A man or woman may marry but not legally adopt the spouse’s children • Issues in Creating a Stepfamily – Stage 1: Fantasy – fantasize what life will be like – Stage 2: Immersion – reality sets in – Stage 3: Awareness – begin to make sense of situation – Stage 4: Mobilization – stepparents take a firmer role – Stage 5: Action – couples work together to begin building new family – Stage 6: Contact – stepparents & stepchildren begin to get to know each other – Stage 7: Resolution – family relationships are solid & reliable
  • 16. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Divorced Families • Divorce – the legal termination of a marriage – Rates rose from 1960-1980 & then declined to 1970 level
  • 17. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Polygamous Families • Polygamy – marriage between one person & more than one spouse – Polyandry – a woman with multiple husbands – Polygyny – a man with multiple wives • 20,000-40,000 estimated to practice polygamy • Bigamy – entering into a marriage with one person while still married to another • Negative Effects – Negative psychological & physical effects on wives & children – Lower educational achievement of children ○ Another study found no differences – Increased rates of poverty, physical abuse, & illiteracy
  • 18. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Get the Topic • Grandparent Families • Rates increasing • Effects on Grandparents – Challenges of raising children along with issues relating to age & circumstances – Develop & maintain close relationships with grandchildren ○ More so for grandmothers • Effects on Grandchildren – Have issues related to negative circumstances of their parents’ leaving – No ill effects when compared to other non-traditional families
  • 19. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Think Marriages & Families What Theories Are Used to Analyze Family Organization & Relationships? • Functionalism • Variations in the family lead to societal dysfunction • Conflict Theory • “Haves”’ ideology can operate as a justification for promoting inequality • Symbolic Interactionism • Socialization or self development process is reciprocal between parents & children
  • 20. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 21. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 22. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved.
  • 23. Copyright 2013 Pearson All Rights Reserved. Discover Marriages & Families in Action What Family Issues Are Currently Being Debated in the United States? • The Gay Blogger & Miss California