2. Hydrogen ionsHydrogen ions
Very low in conc in ECF.
40 nano eq/L
Very highly reactive.
Small fluctuation in conc can affect cellular
enzyme reactions.
H+ conc compatible with life is 16-
160nanoeq/L (Ph 7.8 – 6.8)
3. Regulation of H+Regulation of H+
By buffers.
Buffers are either weak acids or their
ionized salts.
Weak acids release H+ ions and ionised
salts take up H+
H + HCO3 ---- H2 CO3----H20 + CO2
6. The inverse relation of pH &HThe inverse relation of pH &H
Ph 7.80 H+ 16
Ph 7.40 H+ 40
Ph 6.80 H+ 160
7. Measurement of pHMeasurement of pH
Blood drawn anaerobically.
In to a heparinized syringe.
Using electrodes which measure H+ & Co2
Venous blood can also be used to measure
pH if it is drawn from well perfused area
without a tourniquet.
8. pitfallspitfalls
Blood should be drawn anareobically – to
prevent Co2 loss in to air.
Rapid measurement or cooling to 4 C.-if
metabolism continued there could be fall in
pH due to production of acids.
Heparin should be enough to coat the
syringe.(<5% of the volume of blood).
9. Pitfalls.Pitfalls.
If drawing from A-line discard first 8-10
ml.
The arterial pH is not always the pH at the
tissue level especially in pts with circulatory
failure or cardiac arrest.
Normal Values.
pH Pco2 Hco3
Arterial 7.37-7.43 36-44 22-26
Venous 7.32-7.38 42-50 23-27
10. Regulation of Acid-BaseRegulation of Acid-Base
balance.balance.
By kidneys – Change in the rate of H+
secretion.
By Lungs- Elimination of Co2 by hypo or
hyperventilation.
11. Acidemia – Decrease in blood pH
Alkalemia –Increase in blood Ph.
Alkalosis and acidosis are the process that
tend to raise or reduce pH respectively.
15. Metabolic acidosisMetabolic acidosis
Fall in plasma Hco3
Low pH.
Compensatory response- Hyperventilation
and drop in Pco2.
Ultimate restoration in Ph by renal
excretion of excess acid (that take
few days)
16. Metabolic alkalosis.Metabolic alkalosis.
Increase in plasma bicarbonate.
Increase in pH.
Compensation –hypoventilation and
increase in Pco2.
Renal excretion of excess Hco3 to restore
Ph, but due to concomitant volume
depletion this usually does not happen.
20. Mixed acid-base disorders.Mixed acid-base disorders.
Suppose a pt has low pH = Acidemia.
Serum bicarbonate low = metabolic
acidosis.
ABG showing a high PCO2 for the same
patient = suggestive of resp acidosis.
So possibility of combined metabolic and
resp acidosis.
21. Knowledge of the extent of renal and
respiratory compensation allows more
complex disturbances to be diagnosed.
22. Metabolic acidosisMetabolic acidosis
Primary - decrease in Hco3.
Compensation –1.2 mmof hg reduction in
Pco2 for every 1 meq/l fall in Hco3.
Ex- Bicarbonate –10, so P02 should be (24-
10 =14 ×1.2 = 16.8) 40-17 = 23.
23. Metabolic AlkalosisMetabolic Alkalosis
Primary –increase in Hco3.
Compensation –0.7 mmof Hg elevation in
Pco2 for every I meq/L rise in Hco3.
ABG with bicarb 35 (35-24= 11× 0.7=7.7)
so pco2 should be 40+7 = 47
24. Respiratory acidosisRespiratory acidosis
Primary – Pco2 high.
In acute resp acidosis compensation is
1 meq/ L increase in Hco3 for every 10 mm
of Hg rise in the Pco2.
Ex- PCO2 –60 (60-40= 20. 2×1 =2,
24+2=26) So bicarb should be 26
25. Chronic resp acidosisChronic resp acidosis
Pco2 high.
Compensation – 3.5 meq/L increase in
Hco3 for every 10 mmof Hg rise in Pco2
So a Pco2 60 bicarb should be (3.5×2 =7.
And 24+7= 31) 31.
26. Acute resp alkalosis.Acute resp alkalosis.
Primary Pco2 low.
Compensation – 2 meq/l reduction in Hco3
for every 10 mmof Hg fall in Pco2
Ex- Pco2 20 , (40-20=20, 2×2=4, 24-
4=20) so bicarb should be 20.
27. Chronic resp alkalosisChronic resp alkalosis
Pco2 low.
Compensation – 4meq /l reduction inHco3
for every 10 mmof Hg reduction in Pco2.
Ex- Pco2 20 ,then bicarb should be 2×4=8,
24-8 =16
28. Mixed disorders.Mixed disorders.
Renal and resp compensation return the Ph
towards normal, but rarely to normal.
So a normal pH with changes in bicarb and
Pco2 immediately suggests a mixed
disorder.
29. Case-1Case-1
A pt with salicylate overdose ABG, Ph
7.45, pc02- 20, bicarb- 13
Alkalemic- (Ph)
(Low pco2 or high bicarb can cause it)
Here low Pco2 ,so respiratory, from history
it is acute.
So in acute resp alkalosis what should be
the compensated bicarb (24-4 =20)
30. But here the bicarb is 13 ,
So a combined metabolic acidosis and resp
alkalosis present.
31. Case -2Case -2
ABG with pH 7.40 ,pCo2 –60, bicarb- 36.
Here Normal pH.
Pco2 high (resp acidosis)
Even if it is chronic resp acidosis bicarb
should be 24+7 = 31.
So here there is a combined met alkalosis
and resp acidosis.
34. Case 5Case 5
7.08 , pc02 –49 , bicarb- 14
Acidotic, metabolic.
Compensation should be (24-14 =
10×1.2=12 ) Pco2 should be 40-12=28.
But here it is 49.
So combined resp and metabolic acidosis.
35. Case 6Case 6
7.51 , pco2 49 , Hco3 38.
Here metabolic alkalosis,
Compensation should be (38-24=
14×0.7=9.8 ) Pco2 shpuld be 40+9.8.
So here pure metabolic alkalosis.
36. Case 7Case 7
6.98, Pco2- 13, Hco3 – 3.
What is the acid base disturbance here?.