Presentation about green energies, the future of the world

1. NUCLEAR ENERGY
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
RenewableEnergies
2012 – II
Fabián Poveda
Andrés Barreto
Daniel Zambrano
Hierman Galeano

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Potential
• Howitworks
• Reactors
• Economy
2

3. INTRODUCTION
• Nuclear energy is the energy obtained by
manipulating the internal structure of atoms. It can
be obtained by dividing the nucleus (nuclear fission)
or joining two atoms (nuclear fusion)
• Nuclear energy is the only option to produce and
supply large amounts of electricity globally
• 440 nuclear reactors produce electricity around the
world. More than 15 countries have nuclear energy
to produce 25% or more of their electricity needs
3

4. HOW IT WORKS
NUCLEAR FISSION
• A neutron
traveling at high
speed hits the
nucleus of an
element of high
atomic weight
• Uranium 235 2
• Plutonium 239 E=m
c
4

5. HOW IT WORKS – Fuel cycle
FRONT END – Uranium mining, conversion, enrichment
And fuel fabrication
Uranium ore is mined by Natural uranium U-235 must
extraction or in situ leaching be‘enriched’ to 0.71% to 3.5%
Small pellets of uranium Uranium hexafluoride gas
dioxide, a ceramic material UF6 or‘hex’
2 cm long , 1.5 cm diameter
Loaded intozirconium alloy or Light Water Reactors (LWR)
stainless steel tubes 4 m long
fuel rods 5

6. HOW IT WORKS – Fuel cycle
SERVICE PERIOD
6

7. HOW IT WORKS – Fuel cycle
BACK END – Safety procedures either to reprocess or
dispose of spent nuclear fuel
Open fuel cycle Closed fuel cycle
Fuel is used once and then sent After being removed from the
to storage without further reactor, the fuel rods go to a
processing reprocessing plant where
they are chopped up and
dissolved in acid
US, Canada and Sweden
UK, France and Japan
7

8. 8

9. Fossil fuel plants
Nuclear powerplants
39%
NUCLEAR FISSION CO2
= 22% 67%
NONE EMISSIONS NOx SO2
41%
FUEL CYCLE Hg
=
just 2% of theemissions of 25 billiontonnes of CO2 are
fossilfuels producedbyburningfossilfue
ls
Coal plantemissionsis 100
times higherthanthose of
9
nuclear plants

10. Fuel-dependentemissionfactorsfrompowerplants in EU
Pollutant Hardcoal Brown coal Fueloil Otheroil Gas
CO2 (g/GJ) 94600 101000 77400 74100 56100
SO2 (g/GJ) 765 1361 1350 228 0,68
NOx (g/GJ) 292 183 195 129 93,3
CO (g/GJ) 89,1 89,1 15,7 15,7 14,5
No 4,92 7,78 3,7 3,24 1,58
methaneorganiccomp
ound (g/GJ)
ParticulateMatter 1203 3254 16 191 0,1
(g/GJ)
Flue gas volume total 360 444 279 276 272
(m^3/GJ)
10

11. A safety comparisonbetweenthesources of electricalenergy
Energysource Number of Causes Installation Inmediatefatali Total Immediatefat
eventswithfat ties per event immediate alities per
alities fatalities GW/year
Coal 62 Mine disasters Coal mines 70 3900 0,4
Oil 160 Fire- Refineriesplata 40 6200 0,3
explosiontrans formtankers
formationaccid
ent
Gas 80 Fire- Gas wells and 50 3100 0,4
explosion- distribution
eartquake
Hydro 20 Overtoppingfai Dams 300 5200 2
lure
Nuclear 1 Design and Chernobyl 31 31 Lowerthan
operation 0,01
11

12. Aatmosphericpollution and solidwstefromworldwideenergy use (Million of tons)
Source SO2 NOx Particulates CO CO2 Solid waste
Coal 100 Overthan 20 500 3 9000 Overthan 300
Gas Lowerthan 2 Lowerthan 5 4000 Minor
0,5 0,5
Oil 40 10 2 200 9000 15
Wood 0,2 3 100 200 5000 50
Hydro 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nuclear 0 0 0 0 0 0,04
12

13. 13

14. 14

15. 15

16. Sources of publicannualradiationexposure in the U.S.
16

17. 17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20

21. World nuclear industry status report
Nuclear electricitygeneration in theworld (total and share of electricitygeneration)
21

22. World nuclear industry status report
Number of nuclear reactorsunderconstruction, 1954-2012
22

23. World nuclear industry status report
Relativechanges in net income of major nuclear companies 2007-2011
23

24. World nuclear industry status report
Global investmentdecisions in new renewables and nuclear power, 2004-2011
24

25. World nuclear industry status report
Nuclear, wind, and solar capacityincreasesaroundtheworld, 2000-2011
25

26. World nuclear industry status report
• Manycontrieslike China, Japan, Germany, Italy,
France, USA, Russiahavestoppedtheri nuclear
projectsbecause of thefeartoterrorism, radiation
• Evenwhencountriesincreasetheamount of nuclear
energy, it has notkept pace withoverallincreases in
electricitydemands
26

27. World nuclear industry status report
• Thecurrentworld reactor fleet has a total nominal
capacity of about 364 gigawatts
• Normalythe time thatwilltaketobuild a nuclear
plantis 5 to 7 years. Nowdayscurrent nuclear
projecthavebeenunderconstruction more than 20
years
27

28. World nuclear industry status report
• Thetoalnumbre of canceledorderstobuild nuclear
plantswere 253 in 31 countries, many of them at
advancedconstruccionstage. Justthe USA has
cancleled 138 orders. French
AtomicEnergyCommision Statics-2003
• Theaccidentsthathaveoccur in
thelastyearslikeFukishimaDaiichi, Chernobyl,
ThreeMile Island are responsable of thefall in nuclear
energyindustry. 28

30. 1890
1
2005
Alaska, Muir Glacier

31. Alaska,
ReidGlaci
erd
1899
2003

32. DominicanR
Haiti epublic

33. C A
H I
A R
I
N P
O
A L
L
U
T
I
O
N

34. NUCLEAR TE
CH
NO
LO
energy GY
FOR
THE
FUTURE

35. MENU
BIG reactors
Interestingfacts
Smallreactors
Interstingfacts
Advantagesanddisavantages

36. BIG REACTORS

37. INTERESTING FACTS:
JET
PARTICIPANTS
ENERGY 24 MW 16 MW
PRODUCTION 65% OF RATIO
1983

38. ITER
INTERESTING FACTS
PARTICIPANTS
50 MW 500 MW
ENERGY
1000% RATIO
PRODUCTION
2019

39. ONE 1000
MW
HOME
S

40. -8MW 450MW
8000 500.000

41. SMALL REACTORS

42. TOSHIBA 4S
REACTOR
DESAIGNER
LIFE THERY YEARS
HEAT SUPPLAY
ADVANTA ENERGY
GES STEAM
DESALINIZATION

43. 83.800
50 MW 135 MW THERMAL
33.800
50.000

44. HYPERION
DESAIGNER
LIFE TEN YEARS
ADVANTAGES HEAT SUPPLAY
ENERGY
DESALINIZATION
TRANSPORTATIO
N

45. 42.500
70 MW THERMAL
25 MW ELECTRICITY
25.000
17.500

46. THORIUM REACTOR
(SSTAR)
DESAIGNER
DESAIGNER
LIFE THERY YEARS
ADVANTAGES
TRANSPORTATION
PRICE
LOW NUCLEAR WASTE
NO NUCLEAR WEAPONS

47. 10-100 MW
100.000

48. P
R
O
B
L
E
MS

49. 20.000.000.000.000
euros
46.000.000.000
.000.000
Colombian pesos

50. POLICY

52. ECONOMY
52

53. REFERENCES
• NGRExpert. (2012). Nuclear fuel cycle and
supporting industries
• http://www.energia-nuclear.net/
53

54. THANKYOU
54