2. A Call for Reform
Francisco Jimenez (Ximenez) de Cisneros:
An austere Franciscan.
Personal confessor of Isabella, of Castile.
Was imprisoned for ten years as a result of his
decision to shun the corrupt practices of his day.
Became learned in biblical language; was also
familiar with humanist writings.
Reluctantly accepted the office of archbishop.
Founded the University of Alcala; printed a Greek
New Testament and led in the composition of the
Compultensian Polyglot.
3. Queen Isabella:
Became queen in 1474.
Saw the Church in her realm as being in dire
need of reform.
Desired to bring about necessary reform.
Sought and got permission from the pope to fill
ecclesiastical vacancies.
Worked closely with Cardinal Jimenez in
bringing about reforms
4. Some Reforms of Isabella and Jimenez:
Monastic reforms were done by personally
visiting some of the most lax ones and making a
stern call for a return to monastic vows.
Got political support from the pope in monastic
reforms.
Encouraged learning among the clergy.
Gave support to custom and moral reforms.
Unfortunately they also engaged in forced
conversions among the Jews and the Moors.
Jimenez eventually became the Grand Inquisitor
of the Spanish Inquisition.
5. Reforming Orders
The Discalced Carmelites:
Founded by Teresa of Avila; later joined by John of the
Cross.
Teresa is said to have received a series of visions from
Jesus directing her to leave the convent of which she
was a part and from a new one.
Emphasized the importance of devotion.
Promoted strict obedience to the monastic rules of the
Carmelites.
6. Teresa taught a form of mysticism:
Outlined ways of attaining sanctification
Prayer of recollection
Union - soul overcome with love for the
divine
Ecstasy - soul married with Christ
Teresa is the only Catholic woman to found
monastic orders for both men and women.
7. The Society of Jesus:
Founded by Ignatius Loyola.
Had a spiritual experience as a result of reading
devotional writings while convalescing from a
wounded leg.
He had a desire to find inner peace since his heart
was troubled by his sense of his sinfulness.
Pledged himself to loyal service to the Church; saw
that as the avenue whereby he would find peace.
8. Wrote the Spiritual Exercises as a guide for his
adherents.
Intended that his order be a missionary one.
Members took vows of “poverty, chastity, and
obedience to the pope.”
Jesuits became very focused upon promoting
education, fighting against heresy and foreign
missionary activities.
His order was highly organized and efficient;
became a most powerful tool of the papacy in its
offensive against Protestantism.
9. The Council of Trent
Council of Trent 1545-1563
• Called by Pope Paul III
• 1545-1547 - various doctrinal questions
Declared Bible alone not final authority for faithful
Justification
Seven sacraments reaffirmed
Reformers of ecclesiastical abuses formulated
10. The Council of Trent
Important decisions of Trent:
Declared that a council does not have authority above
the pope.
Issued decrees bringing about clerical reforms:
Bishops were to live within their sees.
Outlawed pluralism.
Formulated a clear list of obligations of the clergy.
Introduced regulations to deal with relics,
indulgences, etc.
Ordered that seminaries be established for the
purpose of training priests.
11. Theological decrees:
Thomism was declared to be the official theology
of the Church.
Accepted the Vulgate as being the authoritative
translation of the Church as regards matters of
dogma.
Tradition was declared as having authority equal
to Scripture.
The seven sacraments were reaffirmed along
with the attendant sacramental theology.
Transubstantiation was reaffirmed. Communion
in both kinds was seen as not being a necessity.
12. Soteriology:
Saw original sin as being the retention of the
consequences of sin.
Justification comes about through collaboration
between good works and grace.
Defended the Augustinian view that justification is the
process of regeneration and renewal within human
nature which brings about a change in both the outer
status and the inner nature of the sinner.
Justification includes the idea of regeneration. Not
only remission of sins but sanctification and renewal
of the inner person through reception of grace and
gifts by which an unrighteous person becomes
righteous.
13. Ultimate results:
Did not restore unity within the Christian
Church.
Strengthened the papacy.
Marked a change in Catholicism; birth of the
modern version.
Strengthened the belief system of Roman
Catholicism.
14. • 1564 – Papal bull issued
summary of council
known as Tridentine Profession of Faith
all clergy, teachers and converts required to subscribe
Swear “true obedience to the Pope”
15. The Inquisition and The Index
Inquisition
• Originated in struggle against Albigenses in southern
France - early thirteenth century
• Established by papal license – 1480 – in Spain under
Thomas Torquemadas (1420-1498)
• Roman Inquisition 1542 and abolished in 1854
Guilty until proven innocent
Never confronted by accusers; tortured for
confession
Punished by loss of property, imprisonment, death
16. The Inquisition and The Index
Index
• Develop a list of books that were banned from
reading list of faithful
• 1559 - Paul IV issued first Roman Index of prohibited
books
Books of Erasmus and some Protestants editions
of the Bible appeared in the list
Special congregation of Index created in 1571
17. Catholic Resurgence
Treaty of Cateare-Cambresis - 1559
•Alliance between Spain and France - mutual
commitment to extricate heresy
•In France, Protestants were known as Huguenots, a
strong minority
•Rival nobility were split between Catholic and
Huguenots
18. Catholic Resurgence
•Rival nobility were split between Catholic and
Huguenots
•House of Valois – Catholics
•House of Bourbons – Protestant
•House of Guise – Catholics
•House of Chatillon - Protestant
19. Catholic Resurgence
•1562 - Edict of January
Huguenots granted right to worship in certain
localities
•1562, March, House of Guise attacked Huguenots
war between Protestants and Catholics - nine years
20. Catholic Resurgence
• Catherine sought peace; marriage of Margaret to
Henry of Navarre-Huguenot
1572 – Massacre of Bartholomew, Paris
• 1598 - Henry Navarre becomes king, returns to
Catholicism
Edict of Nantes
Revocation of Edict of Nantes
