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Hedges for Habitat - Notes
1.
1/6/2013 Out of
the Wilds and Into Your Garden Hedges & Habitat Water-wise Hedges & Screens That Provide Habitat C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSU Dominguez Hills & Madrona Marsh Preserve Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants Madrona Marsh Preserve Project SOUND – 2012 (our 8th year) August 4 & 7, 2011 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND What is a mixed hedge or hedgerow? Mixed hedges/hedgerows are not a new A row of trees/shrubs & other concept plants that separate agricultural fields Hedgerows have long played A narrow planting strip that an important role in grows along field borders, agriculture. fence lines, property Since Bronze Age people first boundaries and waterways used them to divide fields, http://blog.histouries.co.uk/2011/03/28/hedges-and-hedgerows-in-england/ A living fence mark property boundaries and control livestock in Europe A small ecosystem that has all more than 5,000 years ago, the key ingredients that an http://www.ehow.com/info_12000999_traditional-hedge-laying.html farmers around the world animal needs to survive: food, have appreciated the benefits shelter, nesting and denning hedgerows provide sites. © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 1
2.
1/6/2013
What are the benefits of hedgerows? What does a classical hedgerow look like? Security – keeping people/ animals in or out Provide privacy screens and reduce noise Act as a windbreak Reduce soil erosion http://www.ofnc.ca/trailguide/tour3_e.php Attract beneficial insects and reduce pests http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/Habitat/WildAcres/wahedgerows.asp Looks like a whole garden in a narrow space Provide foods and medicinal plants Traditional hedgerows contain a complex mix of evergreen and Provide materials for crafts deciduous plants, including: Provide a backdrop for other plants Trees/Large shrubs Increase plant diversity Smaller shrubs & sub-shrubs/ Vines and climbers Provide habitat Perennial wildflowers Grasses Ferns/ Annual wildflowers © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://www.citrona.com/nativeplanthedgerow.htm But what do hedgerows have to do with urban/ Can we really create hedgerows in suburban Los Angeles county? urban/suburban S. California? Yes, if we understand that: We need to consider the appropriate scale of plants We understand that our hedgerows will be small We plant the right types of plants to provide the habitat values that are an essential http://www.dietrick.org/projects/bbb.html component of true hedgerows http://www.barrsam.com/ww/index%20012.htm In short, we need to learn how to design S. California Garden Hedgerows © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 2
3.
1/6/2013 In fact,
our small gardens make hedgerows Any habitat is better even more important than no habitat Make the most of small For maximum habitat benefit, a spaces by multi-tasking California Backyard Hedgerow Screening should be: Beauty http://www.wildwillowdesign.com/residential-landscape-design/featured-projects/napa-1/ Functional assets (food, etc) At least 20 feet long – the longer the better http://www.flickr.com/photos/mechanoid_dolly/4922239063/ Habitat At least 8 feet wide – 10-12 ft or Make good use of limited more is even better (consider it a large mixed bed) space by: Growing plants close together Contain a mix of large shrubs, S. California Garden Hedgerows Combining a number of smaller shrubs/vines, flowering are essentially wide, carefully different kinds of plants perennials and grasses planned and densely planted Making optimal use of Feature plants native to the local garden beds vertical space area – or with similar flora/fauna © Project SOUND © Project SOUND The hedge continuum To cut or not to cut? Many native hedge plants can be pruned or not – the choice is yours You can even cut one side http://www.ruralni.gov.uk/print/hedge-cutting.jpg and leave the other uncut Once you choose to cut, http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/photos/0,,1589974,00.html http://www.nzplantpics.com/cat_hedges.htm you’re committed to cutting Choosing to cut has formal consequences © Project SOUND http://www.pcorbett.co.uk/hedge-cutting-contractor.htm © Project SOUND 3
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1/6/2013
The formal hedge The informal hedge Often composed of a single May contain one or several type of shrub different species of plants Pruned to formal – often Plants can differ in size, geometric - shapes even shape. Maintained by regular pruning http://www.hotgardens.net/hedges.htm – often several times a year http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/Services/Greenways+Countryside+Project/Photos/The+Fonnereau+Way.htm Are lower-maintenance Requires plants with certain Initial shaping may be characteristics: required Moderate growth rate Yearly pruning to maintain Densely branched general size, promote plant Fine-textured foliage; small health leaves Can take regular shearing May be too large and unruly for home gardens http://blogs.move.com/do-it-green/2007/06/06/hedges-a-green-alternative-to- fences/ © Project SOUND © Project SOUND The semi-formal The S. California Garden Hedgerow hedge Is designed to be in scale with local gardens: Rely on pruning to maintain At least 20 ft long natural shape. At least 8-10 ft wide Are a little bit more formal – Uses CA native plants (at so appropriate for urban least primarily) gardens. Work well with many of our Usually ranges in size native species. from large shrubs (6-10 ft tall) to groundcovers Need enough space in the garden to show their form. Provides a screen Are more forgiving; pruning Reflects the owner’s is less crucial. desires in design, plant choices, formality © Project SOUND http://www.wildwillowdesign.com/residential-landscape-design/featured-projects/napa-1/ © Project SOUND 4
5.
1/6/2013
The new backyard – a clean slate Steps in designing a S. California Garden Hedgerow Draw a scale map of the area Do site assessment: light, etc. Decide on a plant palette: 60 ft N. Calif. Coast – Water Zone 2 to 2-3 Western L.A. Co. – Zone 2 Sonoran Desert – Water Zone 1-2 to 2 15 ft (2 shrubs) Choose a ‘Backbone Shrub’ species; determine number of plants needed Choose complementary ‘Filler Shrubs’ Complete design with smaller shrubs, sub-shrubs, perennials, grasses & groundcovers © Project SOUND © Project SOUND ‘Backbone Shrub’ – the key to a good Zone 2 to 2-3 – Northern Coast hedgerow Will constitute 40 to 70% percent of the mixed hedgerow Should be selected first. Should be a plant with: Evergreen foliage A good growth rate; Nice, but neutral-looking, foliage Pest/disease resistance Appropriate for your site Added value: flowers/fruit/seeds Comparison shop before you choose Compare 3-4 potential Backbone Shrubs before making final ‘Backbone Shrub’ : Coffeeberry (Frangula/Rhamnus californica) selection Choose the species with the most ‘value’ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Myrica_californica.jpg © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 5
6.
1/6/2013
How dense to plant the large shrubs? Zone 2 to 2-3 – Northern Coast Principles: Need some overlap – no gaps Need to insure that the death of one shrub doesn’t leave a gap Want it to fill in as quickly as possible 4-6 ft on center Don’t want to over-crowd species 1-2 ft that normally have room to stretch Rules of thumb: 1-2 foot overlap between adjacent 8-9 large shrubs mature large shrubs Example: 8 ft wide shrubs are 4 ft radius/8 ft diameter planted 4 to 6 feet apart © Project SOUND © Project SOUND But what if we want our hedgerow to be Steps in designing a California Backyard more drought tolerant – and local? Hedgerow Draw a scale map of the area Do site assessment: light, etc. Decide on a plant palette: N. Calif. Coast – Water Zone 2 to 2-3 Western L.A. Co. – Water Zone 2 Sonoran Desert – Water Zone 1-2 to 2 Choose a ‘Backbone Shrub’ species; determine number of plants needed http://earthfriendlylandscapes.blogspot.com/2010/07/planting-with-hedges-in-california.html Choose complementary ‘Filler Shrubs’ No problem – we’ve got a wealth of large evergreen shrubs native to Complete design with smaller shrubs, http://nativeson.com/annotated_catalog/qcatalog.htm western L.A. County sub-shrubs, perennials, grasses & groundcovers Lemonadeberry - Rhus integrifolia © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 6
7.
1/6/2013
Western L.A. Co. Palette: Water Zone 2 Zone 1-2 to 2: local native backbone plants Large shrubs: backbone candidates Ceanothus crassifolius: white/gray Ceanothus cuneatus: white/green Ceanothus megacarpus : white/green Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber: http://sbwildflowers.wordpress.com/wildflowers/rham naceae/ceanothus/ceanothus-cuneatus/ http://www.researchlearningcenter.org/bloom/sp ecies/Ceanothus_megacarpus_megacarpus.ht ins/green m Ceanothus crassifolius Ceanothus cuneatus Ceanothus megacarpus Heteromeles arbutifolia: white/green Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia: white/green Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii: white/green http://www.flickriver.com/photos/mechanoid_dolly/sets/72157624828039022/ © Project SOUND Heteromeles arbutifolia © Project SOUND Zone 1-2 to 2: local native backbone plants Planning a hedgerow – Appropriate for site/compatible with other plants take time in planning Size Light Soils Water needs Aesthetic considerations Foliage characteristics: color, texture, etc. Flowers: color, season, etc. Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber Prunus ilicifolia Fruits/seeds: color, season, etc. Other benefits Scent; edible; medicinal; etc. Habitat value What species: insects, birds, etc Remember, your hedgerow What they provide: food, shelter, will be around for a long time nest sites, perches © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 7
8.
1/6/2013 How do the
local backbone shrubs stack up? How do the local backbone shrubs stack up? Ceanothus species Toyon – Heteromeles arbutifolia Mountain Mahogany - Cercocarpus Native Cherries - Prunus ilicifolia Flowers: abundant, white, spring Flowers: abundant, cream, summer Flowers: seeds showy Flowers: masses of white, spr/su Fruits: insignificant looking Fruits: showy, red in winter Fruits: no Fruits: edible cherries, fall Other: soap; dye Other: dye; medicinal Other: medicinal; dye Other: fruit; medicinal; dye Aesthetic: pretty; neat, Aesthetic: neat; nice green color; Aesthetic: pleasant; neutral Aesthetic: shiny leaves, good color, evergreen; well-known can prune to tree shape; well-known background; white bark; can be pretty flowers, fruits Hedge characteristics: good; Hedge characteristics: good; dense tree-like Hedge characteristics: excellent, dense & take semi-formal hedging & take formal/informal hedging Hedge characteristics: informal formal/informal, narrow screens Habitat: bees: good; birds: cover Habitat: insects – good; birds – or formal; easy to maintain Habitat: bees – excellent; Pale & fruits/seeds cover, nest, fruits Habitat: bees – excellent; birds Swallowtail host plant; birds – – perch, nest, cover, seeds perch, nest, cover, seeds © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Western L.A. Co. backbone shrub: Toyon Replacing the old (short) hedge http://www.jeunitedrealty.com/listing/2009-robinson-street-%7Cb-redondo-beach-s12013328 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 8
9.
1/6/2013 How many 8-10
ft backbone shrubs? How many 8-10 ft backbone shrubs? Place one shrub at each end – each 5 ft in from edge 12 feet remain 6 ft You have room for a total of 3 plants – 6 ft planted 6 feet on 22 ft center 22 ft You might want to: Use just a backbone http://www.jeunitedrealty.com/listing/2009-robinson-street-%7Cb-redondo-beach-s12013328 species for lg. shrub Choose a filler shrub that looks similar to the backbone http://www.jeunitedrealty.com/listing/2009-robinson-street-%7Cb-redondo-beach-s12013328 © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Replacing the old (short) hedge What do we still need? Aesthetics/Human Uses Habitat Have Have Summer flowers Summer nectar 5 ft 6 ft 6 ft Winter fruits Winter red berries Dye/medicinal plant Good cover/nest sites Toyon Toyon or Mountain Toyon Mahogany Need Need Winter/spring color -flowers Seeds Colored flowers ? Fruits: ? Different foliage Grass: nests; seeds; Skipper habitat © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 9
10.
1/6/2013
Need 3 more local large shrubs Possible local filler shrubs Large shrubs Filler Backbone Arctostaphylos glauca Ceanothus spinosus Ceanothus crassifolius: white/gray Comarostaphylis Ceanothus cuneatus: white/green diversifolia Ceanothus megacarpus : white/green Cornus glabrata Crossosoma californicum Local Ceanothus Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber: Garrya veatchii Nevin’s Barberry – Mahonia nevinii ins/green Mahonia nevinii Laurel Sumac (Malosma Heteromeles arbutifolia: white/green laurina) ?? Rhamnus crocea Prunus ilicifolia ssp. ilicifolia: Rhus integrifolia white/green Quercus berberidifolia Prunus ilicifolia ssp. lyonii: white/green ? Xylococcus bicolor Summer Holly Spiny Reberry © Project SOUND Comarostaphylis diversifolia Rhamnus crocea © Project SOUND Western L.A. County Palette: Water Zone 2 Western L.A. County Palette: Water Zone 2 • Toyon - Heteromeles arbutifolia • Wedgeleaf Ceanothus - Ceanothus cuneatus • Summer Holly - Comarostaphylis diversifolia © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 10
11.
1/6/2013
Western L.A. Co. Palette: smaller species What do we still need? Other Achillea millefolium Aesthetics/Human Uses Habitat Smaller shrubs Artemisia californica Amorpha californica var. californica Boykinia rotundifolia Have Grindelia stricta var. Have Brickellia californica Summer flowers platyphylla Lycium californicum Winter red berries Summer nectar Salvia spathacea Ribes aureum Dye/medicinal plant Winter fruits Solanum wallacei Ribes indecorum Good cover/nest sites Solidago californica Winter/spring color – Salvia leucophylla Fruits: more variety Tauschia arguta flowers Salvia mellifera Venegasia carpesioides Native grasses Need Need Colored flowers Seeds ? Different foliage Grass: nests; seeds; Mid- and low-growing Skipper habitat species © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Zone 2 (local) backbone shrub: Toyon Zone 2 (local) backbone shrub: Toyon • Golden Currant - Ribes aureum • Purple Sage - Salvia leucophylla • Purple Sage - Salvia leucophylla • Western Yarrow - Achillea millefolia • Western Yarrow - Achillea millefolia • Foothill Needlegrass - Nassella lepida • Foothill Needlegrass - Nassella lepida © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 11
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We’ve transformed the old (short) hedge Placing smaller shrubs/other small plants Plants nearest to the large shrubs should overlap the large shrubs – 1 ft overlap – you will prune these as if they are an extension of the large shrubs Plants further from the large shrubs can be spaced further apart or overlapped – depends on the plants and • Golden Currant: colored flowers/edible berries/contrasting foliage your personal taste • Purple Sage : scented foliage (herb) /colored flowers/nectar/seeds/ gray foliage • Western Yarrow: flowers/beneficial insects/seeds/medicinal © Project SOUND © Project SOUND The hedgerow at Sonoran Desert Palette: Water Zone 1-2 to 2 Heritage Creek Preserve © Project SOUND http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/JoshuaTree/JoshuaTree4.html © Project SOUND 12
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little less water (Sonoran Desert Palette) Zone 1-2: Sonoran Desert backbone shrubs Large shrubs Smaller shrubs Abutilon palmeri Backbone Acalypha californica Arctostaphylos pungens Encelia farinosa Forestiera pubescens var. Justicia californica pubescens Sphaeralcea ambigua Lycium brevipes Simmondsia chinensis http://www.delange.org/ManzanitaPointleaf/ManzanitaPointleaf.htm Other Point-leaf Manzanita Jojoba - Simmondsia chinensis Arctostaphylos pungens Lycium brevipes Filler Ericameria nauseosa Calliandra eriophylla Geraea canescens Fallugia paradoxa Mirabilis multiflora vars glandulosa and pubescens Hyptis emoryi Nolina bigelovii Lycium andersonii Penstemon eatonii Ornithostaphylos oppositifolia Penstemon palmeri Prunus andersonii Viguiera parishii http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result. http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/keyword/pubescens/1/11 php?id_image=1004 53460478_2UbVe#!i=279467734&k=Y7pqc Desert Olive - Forestiera pubescens © Project SOUND © Project SOUND *Jojoba – Simmondsia chinensis Characteristics of Jojoba depend a bit on the site Size: 3-12 ft tall (usually 6-10 ft) 6-10 ft wide Growth form: Large woody shrub or small tree (larger forms in wetter sites) Many branches; dense – provides good cover Foliage: Thick, leathery gray-green leaves Evergreen except in severe drought; deer & rabbits eat it Leaves move through day to minimize sun exposure Roots: deep taproots; don’t disturb © 2005 Michelle Cloud-Hughes © 2003 Monty Rickard © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 13
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Jojobas is really Soils: Jojoba is gaining popularity as a drought tolerant Texture: well-drained; sandy or water-wise shrub rocky best pH: any local (6.0-8.0) Really hardy – great for Light: places that get little Full sun to part-shade Remind you a maintenance (street Takes hot exposures bit of olive trees! medians; roadsides) Water: Can be used as a small tree Winter: no flooding, but needs Makes wonderful water-wise good soil replenishment http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/speci hedges, screens, windbreaks es/sich.htm Summer: best with occasional water (Zone 1-2 to 2) but can be Informal – little or no treated as Zone 1 pruning Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils Formal – clipped or hedged (after seed production) Other: use an inorganic mulch http://www.wildflower.org/gallery/result.php?id_image=3245 (crushed rock; coarse sand) Hedgerow foundation plant © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Desert Olive: large * Desert Olive – Forestiera pubescens var. pubescens shrub or small tree? Size: 10-15+ ft tall; mod. long-lived 12-15 ft wide Growth form: Woody shrub/tree; lovely gray USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database bark ; moderate growth rate Somewhat mounded shape – reminds me of Laurel Sumac – but may be almost vine-like Densely branched, some thorny; hard wood (used for tools) Foliage: Winter deciduous Bright green/gray-green leaves – yellow color in fall USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=FOPUP http://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=739 Roots: naturally clump-forming © Project SOUND 14
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Desert Olive is very undemanding Flowers are reminiscent of Forsythia Soils: Blooms: Texture: any, but well-drained best Spring: usually Feb/Mar. in western L.A. County – depends on pH: any local (6.0-8.0) http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm night temperatures Light: full sun to part-shade; Often flowers before plants leaf out – like Forsythia Water: Winter: needs enough for ground- Flowers: water replenishment Tiny and rudimentary, but lots of Summer: regular water first year; them then Zone 1-2 to 2 Clustered along branches – quite showy & sweet-scented (like all Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils olives) Important nectar source for Other: tolerates heat, high winds, nectar insects (mostly native bees moderate soil salinity & butterflies) http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/forestier © Project SOUND © Project SOUND a%20pubescens.htm http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pages/forestiera%20pubescens.htm Desert Olive is a true olive Can be pruned and Family: Oleaceae (Olive Family) shaped, even hedged trees or shrubs comprising about 30 genera and 600 species Many members of the family are Can be sheared to a economically significant. reasonable hedge Includes: Forestiera & http://www.swcoloradowildflowers.com/Yellow%20Enlarged%20Photo%20Pa ges/forestiera%20pubescens.htm Mix with other species in The olive (Olea europaea) - important for mixed hedge or hedgerow http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/4DMG/Trees/Shrubs/mexpriv.htm fruit and oil The ashes (Fraxinus) - tough wood Forsythia, lilacs (Syringa), jasmines Very adaptable and (Jasmonium), privets (Ligustrum), are useful – could probably valued as ornamental plants even be espaliered Important habitat plants: food, shelter & nesting sites (pollinator insects; larval Limit water to provide food for Hairstreaks, Sphinx Moth; better shape many birds & animals eat fruit and utilize shelter) http://tree-species.blogspot.com/2007/11/olive-tree.html The ‘olives’ of Forestiera may sometime be an important source of olive oil. European Olive - Olea Europaea © Project SOUND © Project SOUND http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2640329338/in/set-72157605994561368/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2973733432/ 15
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* Baja Desert-thorn – Lycium brevipes * Baja Desert-thorn – Lycium brevipes s Channel Islands, western Sonoran Desert CA and NW Mexico Coastal bluffs, canyons, below 2000’ http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7625,7636,7639 © 2002 Charles E. Jones © 2010 Aaron Schusteff © Project SOUND © Project SOUND Baja Desert-thorn: typical Lycium Sweet little flowers Size: 8-12 ft tall Blooms: in spring; usually Mar- 8-12 ft wide May in our area Growth form: Flowers: Large, woody shrub Masses of small, white to purplish flowers Mounded, densely branching © 2010 Neal Kramer (good for hedges) Sweet and old-fashioned © 2010 Aaron Schusteff Stout thorns May be almost hidden by leaves Gray-brown bark Attract bees, butterflies Foliage: and hummingbirds Small, rounded leaves Fruits: Succulent, pale green Like tiny tomatoes Evergreen or drought Abundant and showy deciduous © Project SOUND © Project SOUND 16
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