Weitere ähnliche Inhalte Ähnlich wie Beverages from Native Plants - Notes (20) Beverages from Native Plants - Notes1. 1/6/2013
Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Delicious Drinks: Native
Plants for Teas & Other
Beverages
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
November 5th & 8th 2011
Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants
Project SOUND – 2011 (our 7th year)
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Most of our parents didn’t pass along
the ‘traditional ways’
What can I do with all those rosehips?
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
1
2. 1/6/2013
In the next year, we’re going to try to
Please ask questions
change that
Today’s class – beverages
Dec. 8 – Flavored Vinegars
Workshop – Madrona
May class – Scents for
potpourri and more
And more
http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/asking_questions.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
What do you think of when you think * Wild (Field) Mint – Mentha arvensis
of beverage plants?
One of the first
that comes to mind
is mint – because
mints are common
and their leaves
make such great
tea!
http://natural-language.blogspot.com/2011_02_28_archive.html © 2005 Louis-M. Landry
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
2
3. 1/6/2013
* Wild (Field) Mint – Mentha arvensis Field Mint – a typical mint
Size:
Found throughout N.
1 to 1 ½ ft tall
Hemisphere, incl. Europe, Asia
spreads to many ft wide; in
Locally in San Bernardino & San nature, forms a mat-like colony in
Diego Co. mtns. favorable sites
Formerly many ssp & vars – now
combined into single species Growth form:
Always grows in moist places Herbaceous perennial
Dies back in fall/winter
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4745,4779,4780
Upright or sprawling
Foliage:
Typical mint with square stems
Aromatic; strongly minty – repels
deer, mice, unwanted insects
Roots: spreads via rhizomes
http://www.prairiemoon.com/seeds/wildflowers-forbs/mentha-arvensis-wild-mint
http://www.everwilde.com/Mentha-arvensis-WildFlower-Seed.html http://www.bushcraftusa.com/forum/showthread.php?t=41276
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Flowers are dainty
Blooms: anytime from July to
Seeds
Oct; usually in bloom about 4
weeks
Many tiny seeds in dry
Flowers: capsule typical of mint
Color: white to very pale family
violet or pink
Tiny; bell-shaped Best with 2-3 mo cold
In dense, ball-like clusters in moist stratificatoon
leaf axils – often mostly
hidden by the leaves
Vegetative reproduction:
Easy to propagate from stem
cuttings in spring, fall
Let them root in water in a
light place – no direct sun
http://www.prairiemoon.com/seeds/wildflowers-forbs/mentha-arvensis-wild-mint
© Project SOUND http://www.prairiemoon.com/seeds/wildflowers-forbs/mentha-arvensis-wild-mint © Project SOUND
© 2004, Ben Legler
3
4. 1/6/2013
Soils: Mint in the garden
Plant Requirements Texture: any
pH: any local but 6.0-7.5 best Best use: as an attractive pot
plant; evergreen most of the
Light: year
Full sun to light shade – dappled In an herb or kitchen garden
sun is fine http://www.houseintohome.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/
In water garden – lowest area –
Foliage has stronger flavor in or other moist area
full sun
Water:
Winter: fine with seasonal
flooding
Summer: needs regular water –
Zone 2-3 to 3
Fertilizer: likes compost amended
soils; light fertilizer if gown in
containers
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
Other: cut back in fall/winter http://harrietsgarden.blogspot.com/2011/07/dill-vinegar-and-herb-garden.html
http://www.your-cup-of-tea.com/mint-tea-recipe.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://groweat.blogspot.com/2010/06/plant-with-caution.html
Repotting mint Making fresh mint tea - easy
The leaves are harvested between
Required yearly – if not May and August. It is important to
more often harvest only the well matured
Easy – hard to kill leaves as the half-mature ones do
not have the fine mint aroma.
http://outofmyshed.co.uk/2011/03/20/good-time-to-re-pot-mint/ You can give the extras as
gifts
http://www.roadlesstraveledstore.com/blog/2007/12/13/simple-mint-tea/
http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/wild_mintx.htm
http://www.pakichill.net/forum/showthread.php?1778-Delicious-Mint-Green-Tea
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
4
5. 1/6/2013
Or use fresh mint to make your Drying leaves for tea
favorite summer beverage Wash leaves – pat dry
Place on a cookie sheet in a warm oven
http://www.howipinchapenny.com/2009/06/how-i-save-mint/
(180º F or less – ‘warm’ setting)
Check for dryness – usually ~ 20-45
min. Leaves will be crackly.
Strip leaves off stems
Store in air-tight container
http://www.amctv.com/shows/mad-men/cocktail-guide/mint-julep
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.twentysomethinghome.com/2010/11/mint-tea-leaves.html
The many edible uses of mints Medicinal uses of Wild Mint
The mint flavored leaves are Leaves are used as a herbal remedy :
used as herb in various For stomach disorders like indigestion and gas.
cuisines. As an anti inflammatory agent
Sometimes raw leaves are For treatment of fever, headache, cold and asthma.
added to salads and other To make cough syrups.
preparations to add flavor to To treat stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting and influenza.
the food.
To reduce toothaches and swellings of gum.
http://www.yumsugar.com/Snappy-Summer-Side-Strawberry-Mint-Salad-1713036
Fresh leaves are also used to To alleviate arthritis.
make chutneys.
The oil extraction of these leaves is used in the
The oil extracted from these treatments of insomnia and nervous tension.
plants is used as a flavoring
agent for beverages and
sweets.
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
5
6. 1/6/2013
The tea/medicinal connection
Many herbal teas are not only
delicious, they also may have
soothing & other effects
The medicinal benefits of
Plants make a number of specific herbs are often
plant-specific chemicals anecdotal or controversial,
(phytochemicals) and in some countries
Some are pleasant tasting to us (including the United
– but actually repel herbivores States) makers of herbal
[Mint] teas are not allowed to
http://peacecooking.blogspot.com/2010/01/delicious-moroccan-mint-tea.html
Since infusions are an easy Some play similar, often make unsubstantiated
means of extracting plant medicinal, roles in both plants & claims about the medicinal
chemicals it’s not surprising that animals effects of their products.
http://www.abs-herbs.com.ph/prod-tea.htm
they are used as both traditional These chemicals are the basis
medicines and beverages of many traditional & ‘modern’
medicines © Project SOUND © Project SOUND
The benefits of making beverages from
A few words of caution plants growing in your own garden
Herbal teas can have different effects from You know what the plant is –
person to person – always start with a little, and so you don’t mistakenly
never overdo substitute a toxic plant for
an edible one
Some plants/plant parts are toxic; correct
identification and correct preparation is essential You can control the
chemicals used on the
If you are pregnant, nursing, taking prescription plants
medications, or have known allergies to certain
foods or plants, caution and consultation with a You can pick plant parts
physician or pharmacist are advised. when they are at the ‘peak
of flavor’
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
6
7. 1/6/2013
Fragrant Pitcher Sage – Lepechinia fragrans The genus Lepechinia
In the Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Occur in California, Mexico to
South America, and Hawaii.
An interesting group of shrubs
and woody-based perennials,
some of them quite ornamental.
They vary in habit but have
large paired, usually hairy and
aromatic leaves and irregular
flowers with broad tubes and
2-lipped “faces”.
Attractive features of Fragrant Pitcher Sage in the garden
Pitchersage
Good plants for the background
of a perennial border
Soft contrast of leaf For banks and open slopes
and flower color
Mix with berry fruits in a border
Pleasant fragrance Great addition to a butterfly
garden
Interesting leaf
texture Planted near patios for their
pleasant scent
Attracts birds and In shaded areas (does equally
butterflies well in sun or partial shade)
In the kitchen garden – makes a
delicious tea, jelly, etc.
7
8. 1/6/2013
Is Pitchersage ‘tea’ really a tea? Fragrant Pitcher Sage & Hummingbird
Sage leaves make unique tisanes
Tea: infusion made from the
leaves of the tea bush (Camellia
sinensis). Minty, but with distinct
flavors
Herbal tea, tisane : herbal
infusion that does not include Make excellent hot and
true tea leaves; often simply the iced teas
combination of boiling water and
dried fruits, flowers or herbs. Can be used fresh or
Can be used as beverage or dried for later use
medicinal Not only tasty – may have
Flavored tea: a true tea flavored medicinal properties
with other herbs, spices, oils
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Leaves are the most common plant part In fact, several different plant parts
used for plants in the mint family can be use to make beverages
Leaves
Hot or cold herbal teas
Flavorings for other beverages
Syrups for cordials; sparkling
waters
Liqueurs (alcoholic)
Fruits/berries
Hot & cold herbal teas
Juices
Syrups/Flavorings
Liqueurs (alcoholic)
Flower petals
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
8
9. 1/6/2013
CA Wild Rose – Rosa californica CA Wild Rose – Rosa californica
S. OR to northern Baja
In CA, everywhere but high
mountain elevations
Common thicket-forming rose in
S. & central CA foothills
Moist places, near streams, in
shaded woods and canyons
Spanish padres called it ‘Rose
of Castile’ because it reminded
them of the roses of Spain.
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?6677,6887,6889
http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/wildflower_watch_wk18.htm
A rose is a rose….
Size: to 6 ft. tall, 9 ft. wide
Winter deciduous
Growth form: upright shrub that
spreads by suckers; typical wild
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/sdpls/plants/Rosa_californica.html
rose
Garden requirements:
Light: full sun to semi-shade
Soils: any well-drained
Water: take cue from nature
Does best in full sun with some
summer water
Will need less water in shaded areas
Less prone to fungal diseases than
http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/wildflower_watch_wk18.htm
cultivated roses
CA Wild Rose in nature: thicket-forming http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/wildflower_watch_wk18.htm
9
10. 1/6/2013
Wild roses are important
habitat plants Dried rose petals
Blooms:
for tea
Main season: May-Aug (but blooms
intermittently in warm season) Blown blooms (fully mature
flowers) that haven't browned
Flowers: single pinks; color varies
slightly will make the most flavorful tea
petals.
Important pollen source for bees and
other insects Rose petals and other flower dry
quickly if you're using a heat
http://deborahsmall.wordpress.com/
Fruits (hips)
Summer/fall source, so watch them closely to
make sure they don't scorch.
Edible; good syrups & jellies
They should be "shatter" dry, but
goldfinches, bluebirds, grosbeaks, not brown.
robins, mockingbirds, and sparrows--
relish the hips In a dehydrator, they just take a
Plants/foliage couple of hours to dry completely
(in a single layer).
Dense, spiny foliage provides good cover
and nesting sites for birds
© Project SOUND
Drying nature’s bounty: many ways Making tisanes from flowers: requires
a gentle touch for best flavor
Bring water to just under the boiling
point, water should be very hot but
never boiled.
Remove water from heat and add the
fresh or dried petals. Allow petals to
seep for one hour without stirring.
NEVER BOIL THE PETALS AS THIS
WILL DESTROY THE LIGHT
FLAVOR AND COLOR. IT WILL
ALSO CAUSE THE TEA TO HAVE A
BITTER TASTE.
Note: cover with mesh
if air-drying You can re-heat the tisane or drink it
cold
http://eggbeater.typepad.com/shuna/2008/07/rose-petal-tea.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
10
11. 1/6/2013
Flowers in the Honeysuckle family also Rose leaves also make
make delicious tea a delicate tisane
Dry leaves – dryer or warm oven
Grind with a spice mill or crumple
Store in dry, well-labled container
http://www.delish.com/recipes/cooking-recipes/inkos-unsweetened-honesuckle-white-iced-tea-
best-processed-foods#fbIndex9
http://tarragonnthyme.blogspot.com/2010/06/dried-rose-leaf-
tea.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
Combining flavors: be creative Beach Strawberry - Fragaria chiloensis ssp.
pacifica
Making mild leaf tisanes: ½ to 1 tsp dried
leaves per cup; pour on boiling water and
infuse for 10 minutes. Strain.
Drink hot or warm or iced with a sprig of
mint or a slice of lemon. Tend to taste
very ‘green’ - which you may or may not
http://tarragonnthyme.blogspot.com/2010/06/dried-rose-leaf-
like alone
tea.html
Consider adding to Rose leaves:
Loose leaf commercial green tea (to
make a Roseleaf flavored tea)
Many prepared ‘herbal
teas’ and ‘flavored tea’ Dried wild rose buds or rose petals –
are blends of several add to the visual appeal as well.
dried herbs and spices
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
11
12. 1/6/2013
Native Strawberries have much to
Strawberries: a groundcover with lots
recommend them……
of beverage potential
Easy to grow in the garden environment –
including in light shade
Strawberry leaves make a
Attractive foliage, flowers & edible fruit
delicate ‘tea’ with a taste
Excellent coverage – quickly spread by
runners (even on sand!) all it’s own
Can mix with grasses & other plants – or Wild strawberry fruits
grow as a grass substitute
make some of the best
dried fruit tisanes and
flavored teas – and can also
be used for other
Beach Strawberries ‘strawberry drinks’
are a delicacy in
Chile
http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2009_09_01_archive.html
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/imaxxros.htm
Saving the fruits of Processing dried fruits for herbal tea
summer
Why?
Collect only fully ripe, undamaged Releases the flavor better
fruit Easier to handle, particularly if
Thoroughly wash with water; pat you’re filling tea bags
dry How?
http://photo-dict.faqs.org/phrase/9734/strawberry-tea.html
Small fruits & berries (even small Crumble with hands
native rose hips) can be dried Chop coarsely with a knife
whole; slice strawberries or other Break with mortar & pestle
large fruits thinly Use a spice mill or rotary-
blade coffee grinder
Dry until fully dry
Use a small food processer to
Store whole or process/crumble coarsely chop
then store
http://www.cpaphilblog.com/2009/06/strawberry-tea-aholic.html
© Project SOUND
12
13. 1/6/2013
Fill your own tea bags During summer a cold drink is nice
Readily available
Easy to fill & store
Make a nice – and unusual
& trendy - gift
http://honest-food.net/2010/08/22/manzanita-cider/
Fortunately, there are some classical
California cold beverages that use
native plants commonly used in
home gardens
© Project SOUND
* Hooker’s Manzanita – Arctostaphylos hookeri * Hooker’s Manzanita – Arctostaphylos hookeri
Native range
extends from the
coastal San
Francisco Bay
Area to the
Central Coast
http://www.elkhornsloughctp.org/factsheet/factsheet.php?SPECIES_ID=1 Sandy, coastal
pine or oak
woods, coastal
scrub < 1000 ft
Beatrice F. Howitt © California Academy of Sciences © 1991 David Graber
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
13
14. 1/6/2013
Hooker’s Manzanita makes a good
Several rare sub-species coastal groundcover
ssp. hearstiorum
Very low-growing – mat-like Size:
Clays & summer fog-drip; very mostly low – 1-3 ft tall
moderate temperatures spreading to 6-8 ft wide
© 2011 Chris Winchell
© 2006 Steve Matson
Growth form:
ssp. hearstiorum near San Simeon
ssp. franciscana Woody evergreen shrub
2 ft. groundcover Matt-like to mounded
Now extinct in the wild; once Red bark on older branches
restricted to serpentine Foliage:
outcrops on the San Francisco
Medium green
peninsula. It is now known only
Leaves upright on branches
as a cultivated plant
Takes temperature extremes
better than others
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Flowers: Manzanita Plant Requirements Soils:
Texture: the species likes
sandy soils; some cultivars have
Blooms: in early spring – other requirements
usually Feb-Mar pH: best with slightly acidic –
5.0-7.5 is fine
Flowers:
Typical for manzanita Light:
Small white-pink urn-shaped Full sun to part-shade
flowers
Water:
Adored by hummingbirds
Winter: adequate
Fruits : Summer: best with occasional
Typical ‘little apples’ of the summer water (Zone 2); rinse
genus leaves in summer to simulate
fog drip
Ripen in summer – turn a
red-brown Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: use an organic mulch
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://www.answers.com/topic/dudleya
14
15. 1/6/2013
Hooker’s Manzanita is a
Managing manzanitas natural groundcover
Avoid unnecessary pruning.
Under trees
Most manzanitas develop a
nice shape if just left to On slopes
their own devices In front yards - evergreen
Manzanitas are prone to http://absbonsai.org/gallery/displayimage.php?pid=834
branch die-back, caused by a
http://128.253.177.181/imgs/dws/r/Ericaceae_Arctostaphylos_hookeri_18909.html
naturally occurring fungal
pathogen.
When removing dead
branches, sterilize pruning
Be sure to leave a 6” circle of shears with alcohol between
bare soil around manzanta cuts to prevent the spread of
trunks the disease.
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-hookeri-wayside-manzanita
© Project SOUND http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/viewplant.php?pid=173 © Project SOUND
‘Ken Taylor’
‘Monterey Carpet’
< 2 ft tall; spreads to
8+ ft. wide Very low-growing ( 1
ft or less)
All the good traits of
the species – dense Does best in sandy
soils along the coast
http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/viewplant.php?pid=173 evergreen foliage
Good under pines
Takes clay soils
Not very cold
Best nearer the coast tolerant
Excellent low-water
groundcover plant
© Project SOUND http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_plants/pages_a/archoomoncar.html © Project SOUND
15
16. 1/6/2013
If you have a bumper crop of manzanita
‘Wayside’ berries, consider yourself lucky
2-3 ft tall x 8-10 ft wide Manzanita ‘cider’
Low, mounding habit for now
Vigorous; fast-growing
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-hookeri-wayside-manzanita
Jams & jellies for
Takes heat & cold better gifts
than other cultivars
Best in part-shade in hot Syrup (can be used
gardens http://www.livingwild.org/seasonal-blog/page/2/
for beverages) for
later
http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Arctostaphylos_hookeri_'Wayside' Project SOUND
© © Project SOUND
Making Manzanita ‘Cider’ How do I know if fruits are ripe?
Time of year: mid- to late summer
Wash 4 cups ripe berries (summer) for manzanita
Cover with water & simmer (don’t boil) Color: know what color ripe
until soft (~ 15 min.) berries should be; manzanita
fruits are red when ripe
Cool until warm; pour the liquid into a
large non-metal bowl or jar Texture: many fruits are soft
http://honest-food.net/2010/08/22/manzanita-cider/
when ripe; manzanitas are rather
Slightly crush/grind/mash the cooked dry when ripe
Strain again then berries in food processor or mash with
drink; sweeten if potato masher; add to the liquid in the
bowl/jar
desired
Let settle 1 day; strain the liquid
Put strained liquid in glass (best) jar in
refrigerator; let settle 1 day
http://elkhornsloughrestoration.blogspot.com/2009/09/manzanita-berry-cider-and-how-we-use.html
© Project SOUND http://www.primitiveways.com/pt-photo_gallery16.html © Project SOUND
16
17. 1/6/2013
Very ripe (dry) manzanita berries Another ‘Classic California’ drink –
need to be ground before Lemonadeberry ‘lemonade’
making cider
Try about 15 berries per 8-
12 oz water (mild taste) or 1
Make manzanita cider with
part berries to 4 parts water
either ripe or semi-ripe berries (stronger)
in either hot or cold water (in
refrigerator) Can use either hot or cold
water for infusion
Berries mixed with cold water sat for 9-12 Usually takes several hours
hours in the refrigerator and yielded a liquid
much more clear than the hot. Strain out berries, etc.
The hot water treatment included boiling Very tart (acidic) – may need
the water and pouring it over the crushed to sweeten to taste
berries, letting it sit for one hour before
straining. The hot water cider is darker.
© Project SOUND http://www.urbanoutdoorskills.com/News_June2001.html © Project SOUND
http://elkhornsloughrestoration.blogspot.com/2009/09/manzanita-berry-cider-and-how-we-use.html
Other ‘classic’ natural beverages include * California Juniper – Juniperus californica
rustic ‘teas’
http://www.getprice.com.au/Hilde-Hemmes-Juniper-Berry-Loose-Leaf-Tea-Gpnc_631--43207143.htm
http://homesteadingthebackforty.blogspot.com/ Juniper berry & juniper leaf tea
Pine needle tea
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_californica_Mount_Diablo.jpg
17
18. 1/6/2013
* California Juniper – Juniperus californica CA Juniper is a well-shaped juniper
Mountain slopes of W. CA into Baja; desert
Size:
mountains of S. CA, NV & AZ – locally in
10-20 ft tall (usual); may be
Antelope Valley & desert side of San
taller (to 40 ft)
Gabriels
10-20 ft wide
In S. CA commonly occurs in pinyon-juniper
Growth form:
woodlands that border and integrate with
chaparral along desert margins Large woody shrub/small
tree with rounded, somewhat
open habit
Multi-stemmed
Evergreen
Slow-growth – ½ ft / yr; long
lived – to 150+ years
Foliage:
Medium-green scale-like
leaves – typical juniper,
fragrant
http://www.conifers.org/cu/Juniperus_californica.php © 2003 Monty Rickard © Project SOUND http://mojavedesert.net/plants/shrubs/juniper.html © Project SOUND
Plant of the dry Use where ever you
Soils:
foothills Texture: any well-drained
want a juniper
pH: any local As an unusual bonsai
Light: On hot, dry slopes
Full sun to part-shade As a specimen or hedge plant
Water: For it’s great habitat value
Winter: adequate http://www.fourdir.com/p_california_juniper.htm
Summer: quite drought tolerant;
water infrequently (Zone 1-2
probably best for gardens)
Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Other: good heat tolerance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_californica
© Project SOUND © Project SOUND
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juniperus_californica_Mount_Diablo.jpg
18