2. WHAT IS FIRE ?
Fire is a chemical reaction, in which
substance (fuel) combines with
oxygen.
The reaction is exothermic and usually
associated with emission of heat, light,
various reaction products and smoke.
3.
4. WHAT ELEMENTS ARE NEEDED TO START A
FIRE?
The fire triangle is a simple model for
understanding the necessary ingredients for most
fires.
The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire
needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent
(usually oxygen).
10. Any fire involving an electrical equipment is in fact
be a fire of class A, B or C. The normal procedure in
such fires is to cut off the electricity and use an
extinguishing method appropriate to the burning
material. Special extinguishing agents which are
non-conductor of electricity and non-damaging to
the electrical equipment such as dry chemical
powders and carbon di-oxide should be used.
According to latest concepts, the electrical fires do
not constitute a particular class.
ELECTRICAL FIRES
11.
12. Major causes of fire
1.Kitchen fires from unattended cooking, such as frying,
boiling
2. Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in
hot wiring or connections, or failed components
3. Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
Combustibles near equipment that generates heat,
flame, or sparks
4. Candles and other open flames
5.Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
6. Careless handling of naked fire
13. 7.Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustible
materials
8. Flammable liquids
9.Flammable solvents (and rags soaked with solvent)
placed in enclosed trash cans
10.Fireplace chimneys not properly or regularly cleaned
Cooking appliances - stoves, ovens
11.Heating appliances - fireplaces, wood burning stoves,
furnaces, boilers, portable heaters
12.Electrical wiring in poor condition
13.Leaking Batteries
14. 14.Household appliances - clothes dryers, irons, hair
dryers, refrigerators, freezers
15.Careless handling of paint and thinner
when carrying out decoration work
16.Personal ignition sources - like
lighter, electronic and electrical
Equipment
17.Exterior cooking equipment – barbecue
The best way to fight fire is to prevent it or to
extinguish it in its preliminary stage.
15. • A LIFE SAFETY principle that provides
Early Warning to building occupants when
the fire is in its early stage.
16. FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Fire Detection Devices: (Input / Initiation Devices)
Devices which detect fire/smoke.
eg. Heat detectors, smoke detectors, flame detectors,
manual call points.
Fire Alarm Devices: (Output / Notification Devices)
Devices which alert people of the fire condition.
eg. Sounders, voice alams.
Fire Circuit Devices: (Line Units)
Devices with electrical functions related directly to the
detection / alarm circuit.
eg. Input output line units
17. DETECTION CATEGORIES
Heat detection
Fixed temperature
Rate of rise
Linear heat detection
Smoke detection
Aspiration detectors
Ionization
Video smoke detection
Optical-light scatter
Other types of detection
Flame
Gas or CO detection
Multi sensor fire detectors i.e. combination of optical, heat and
CO sensor
18. HEAT DETECTION
Temperature measurement principle
May be FIXED temperature type – 57°C
May be RATE OF RISE type – 10°C per minute
Combination of heat detectors (ROR + FIXED)
Used in high steam and dusty environment – Garages ,
Kitchens
19. SMOKE DETECTION-IONIZATION PRINCIPLE
Small amount of radioactive material ionizes chamber
(Americium 241)
Current flows in chamber due to ionized air particles
Smoke decreases conductivity, causing ALARM
20. SMOKE DETECTION-
Works with light scattering principle
Contains light transmitter and photosensitive receiver
During normal operation- light does not fall on receiver
Smoke ingress causes light reflection onto receiver, causing
ALARM
22. SMOKE DETECTION- BEAM SENSOR
Requires transmitter and receiver
Whenever beam is obstructed by smoke, causes ALARM
Avoid direct sunlight on receiver
Useful in Logistics, Warehouses, Library
23. SMOKE DETECTION- HIGH SENSITIVITY ASPIRATING SMOKE
DETECTOR
Pipes with aspirating holes
Each hole is considered as point detector (equivalent to single smoke
detector)
Used in very clean environments (computer labs, conference hall)
Can be up to 100 times more sensitive than a standard smoke
detector
25. OTHER TYPE OF DETECTORS
IR (infra-red)/ UV(ultra-violet) flame sensors
CO gas detectors (odorless detector)
Duct smoke detectors
Video detection
26. CONTROL PANEL
Receives signals from initiation devices (contacts, smoke
detectors, etc.)
Activates appropriate notification devices (horns/bells,
strobes, etc.)
Monitors system wiring and power (AC /DC)
Process programmed instructions (shutdown A/C , recall
elevators, etc.)
35. EVACUATION PLAN CONTD…
FIRE DRILLS…
A fire drill is a method of practicing the
evacuation of a building for a fire or
other emergency. Usually, the emergency system
sounds and the building is evacuated as though a
real fire had occurred.
36. MAINTENANCE
Test each detector’s sensitivity periodically
If the detector’s sensitivity is outside specifications,
clean the detector and retest
To maintain the integrity of any fire alarm system, it
is important to have a qualified person periodically
test the system
Blockage in the pipes of sprinklers are tested
regularly