The Inca Empire experienced civil war following the death of the emperor Huayna Capac, weakening the empire just as Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived in 1532. Pizarro, along with just 168 men, was able to defeat the Inca army and capture the Inca ruler Atahualpa, bringing much of the empire under Spanish control. A rebellion led by Manco Inca in 1536 failed to drive the Spanish out, resulting in the fall of the Inca Empire and 300 years of Spanish rule over Peru.
Measures of Dispersion and Variability: Range, QD, AD and SD
Incas overview
1. THE INCAS: RISE AND FALL
Adapted From:
http://www.slideshare.net/jmarazas/wh-chapter-7-
incas?qid=edf49841-f82e-4add-8d43-
c02de211154e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=6#
2. EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
Western South America includes a wide variety
of climates and terrains:
Narrow coastal plain that turns into a dry,
lifeless desert with occasional river valleys
Snow-capped Andes Mountains
High plateau
Jungles inland
4. EARLY PEOPLES OF PERU
Native American peoples developed many
different styles of life across South America
Hunters/gatherers, farmers, fishermen
Farmers used irrigation methods to grow corn,
beans, squash, and cotton
Potatoes were also grown and included over 700
different varieties
Domestication of the llama and alpaca
5.
6. CHAVIN PEOPLE
Earliest culture in Peru
Around 850 BC, built a huge temple complex in
the Andes
Stone carvings and pottery show that the Chavin
people worshiped a ferocious-looking god, part
jaguar and part human with grinning catlike
features
9. MOHICA PEOPLE
Between 100-700 AD, the Mohica people forged
an empire along the arid north coast of Peru
The Mohicas were skilled farmers who developed
new methods of terracing, irrigation, and
fertilization of the soil
Their leaders built roads and organized networks
of relay runners to carry messages---ideas the
Incas would later use
10. MOHICA PEOPLE
Remains of Mohica cities and temples dot the
land
To build one temple, workers had to produce 130
MILLION sun-dried adobe bricks
The people perfected skills in textile production,
goldwork, and woodcarving
They produced remarkable pots decorated with
realistic scenes of daily life
11. NAZCA PEOPLE
In southern Peru, the Nazca people etched glyphs
in the desert
Glyph---pictograph or other symbol carved into a
surface
Nazca glyphs include straight lines that run for
miles, as well as giant figures of birds, whales,
and other creatures
15. SECRETS OF THE NAZCA LINES
Watch the video and answer the following
questions:
1. Who were the Nazca people?
2. How were the lines created?
3. What were the lines for?
4. Why are there links between the lines and
extra-terrestrials?
16. THE INCAN EMPIRE
Pachacuti, a skilled warrior and leader, was the
founder of the Incan empire
In 1438, he proclaimed himself Sapa Inca
(emperor) and set out on a policy of conquest
He and later his son were able to extend Incan
rule from Ecuador in the north to Chile in the
South
He made Cuzco the capital of the Incan empire
22. INCAN GOVERNMENT
The Sapa Inca exercised absolute power over the
empire
Claiming that he was divine, he was also the
chief religious leader
His symbol was gold aka “sweat of the sun”
He lived in splendor, eating from golden plates
and dressing in richly embroidered clothes
In fact, the Sapa Inca never wore the same
clothes twice!!!
His queen, the Coya, carried out important
religious duties and sometimes governed when
the Sapa Inca was absent
23. INCAN GOVERNMENT
From Cuzco, the Incas ran an efficient
government with a chain of command reaching
into every village
Nobles ruled the provinces along with local
chieftains whom the Incas had conquered
Below them, officials carried out the day-to-day
business of collecting taxes and enforcing laws
Specially trained officials kept records on a
quipu, a collection of knotted, colored strings
Modern scholars think that the quipus noted
dates and events as well as statistics on
population and crops
25. INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
To unite their empire, the Incas imposed their
own language, Quechua, and religion on the
people
They also created one of the greatest road
systems of history
It wound more than 12,000 miles through
mountains and deserts
Hundreds of bridges spanned rivers and deep
gorges
Steps were cut into steep slopes and tunnels dug
though hillsides
30. INCAN BRIDGES
Incan bridges spanned over large valleys and
rivers
They used grass to create ropes
How could grass be used to support multiple
people?
Would you risk your life by crossing a gorge on a
grass bridge?
Time to investigate with an experiment!!!
31. INCAN ROADS AND RUNNERS
The roads allowed armies and news to move
rapidly throughout the empire
At regular stations, runners waited to carry
messages
Relays of runners could carry news of a revolt
swiftly from a distant province to the capital
The Incas kept soldiers at outposts throughout
the empire to quickly crush any rebellions
Ordinary people, though, were restricted from
using the roads at all
32. CUZCO
All roads led through Cuzco
In the heart of the city stood the great Temple of
the Sun, its interior walls lined with gold
Like Incan palaces and forts, the temple was
made of enormous stone blocks, each polished
and carved to fit exactly in place
The engineering was so precise that, although no
mortar was used to hold the stones together,
Incan buildings have survived severe
earthquakes
Unfortunately, the Spanish demolished the
temple and built the Church of Santo Domingo
over it
34. DAILY LIFE
The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions
of people within their empire
People lived in close-knit communities, called
ayllus
Leaders of each ayllu carried out government
orders, assigning jobs to each family and
organizing the community to work the land
Government officials arranged marriages to
ensure that men and women were settled at a
certain age
35. FARMING
Farmers expanded the step terraces built by earlier
peoples
On steep hillsides, they carved out strips of land to be
held in place by stone walls
These terraces kept rains from washing away the soil
and made farming possible in places where flat land
was scarce
Farmers had to spend part of each year working land
for the emperor and the temples as well as for their
own communities
All the land belonged to the Inca, but cultivation and
crops were allotted to specific groups of people
The government took possession of each harvest,
dividing it up among the people and storing part of it
in case of famine
37. METALWORKING
The Incas were the best metalworkers of the
Americas
They learned to work and alloy (blend) copper,
tin, bronze, silver, and gold
While they employed copper and bronze for
useful objects, they used precious metals for
statues of gods and goddesses, eating utensils for
the aristocracy, and decorations
39. MEDICAL ADVANCES
The Incas developed some important medical
practices, including surgery on the human skull
In such operations, they first cleaned the
operating area and then made the patient
unconscious with a drug---procedures much
closer to the use of modern antiseptics and
anesthesia than anything practiced in Europe at
the time
40. RELIGION
The Incas were polytheistic, worshipping many
gods linked to the forces of nature
People offered food, clothing, and drink to the
guardian spirits of the home and village
Religion was tied to the routines of life
Each month had its own festival, from the great
ripening and the dance of the young maize to the
festival of the water
Festivals were celebrated with ceremonies,
sports, and games
A powerful class of priests served the gods,
celebrating their special festivals and tending to
their needs
41. RELIGION
Chief among the gods was Inti, the sun god
His special attendants, the “Chosen Women,”
were selected from each region of the empire
During years of training, they studied the
mysteries of the religion, learned to prepare
ritual food and drink, and made the elaborate
wool garments worn by the Sapa Inca and Coya
At the end of their training, most of the Chosen
Women continued to serve the sun god; others
joined the Inca’s court or married nobles
42. CHILD SACRIFICES
In order to try and avoid famine, volcanoes and
earthquakes, the Incas sacrificed children and
captured warriors
The children were raised to be ‘perfect’ and used
especially for the purpose of sacrifice
Many mummified children have been found in
the mountains of the Andes
44. MACHU PICCHU
Machu Picchu lies some 7,000 feet above sea level
high in the Andes
The sturdy walls have withstood centuries of
earthquakes
Incan workers cut and fitted the stones together
without using mortar
Abandoned for some 300 years, the ruins of
Machu Picchu were rediscovered in 1911
51. MICHAEL PALIN VISITS MACHU MICHU
Watch the Monty Python member visit the
ancient site
52. END OF THE EMPIRE
At its height, the Incan civilization was a center
of learning and political power
Then, in 1525, the emperor Huayna Capac died
suddenly of an unknown plague that swept
across the land
He did not name a successor and soon civil war
broke out between two of his sons
The fighting weakened the empire at a crucial
time because soon the Spanish conquistadors
would bring down the empire