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02_minerals_students_revised
1.
CH. 2 -
MINERALS
2.
MINERALS Basic building block
of rocks >4,000 minerals identified Mineral Definition (requirements): 1) Solid 2) Naturally Occurring
3.
Mineral Definition 3) Inorganic
– no biologic origin 4) Definite Chemical Composition Ex: Halite = Quartz = Diamond = Graphite =
4.
Mineral Definition 5) Ordered
Crystalline Structure Ex: Halite (NaCl)
5.
Ordered Crystalline Structure Diamond
= high pressure - complex bonding of carbon atoms Graphite = low pressure - carbon atoms bond in sheets
6.
Diamond structure
7.
Graphite structure
8.
Mineral Definition 1. Solid 2.
Naturally Occurring 3. Inorganic 4. Definite Chemical Composition 5. Ordered Crystalline Structure
9.
Structure of Minerals 1)
Atom – smallest building block of an element Composed of atomic particles - protons (+) - neutrons - electrons (-)
10.
Periodic Table of
the Elements (p. 31)
11.
Balanced Atoms Atomic Number
= number of protons - defines which element atom belongs to Atomic Mass = sum of protons & neutrons
12.
Balanced Atoms Number of
electrons = number of protons Rule: 1st energy level = 2 electrons max All other energy levels = 8 electrons max
13.
Atomic Structure
14.
Balanced Atoms Valence electrons
= electrons in outermost energy level Atoms bond b/c they want full outer shell of electrons
15.
Types of Bonding 1)
Ionic Bonding Ion = atom with an electrical charge - caused by losing or gaining electrons
16.
Ionic Bonding Atoms bond
b/c opposites attract (like magnets) Ex: Halite (NaCl)
17.
Types of Bonding 2)
Covalent Bonding - atoms share valence electrons - outer energy levels overlap Ex: Oxygen (O2)
18.
Oxygen
19.
Structure of Minerals 2)
Element – composed entirely of same kind of atoms - all atoms have same number of ___________ 92 naturally occurring elements
20.
Element Some minerals are
elements: Ex: Native Copper Gold Sulfur Graphite
21.
Structure of Minerals 3)
Compound – combination of two or more elements - characteristics are different than individual elements Ex: Halite NaCl
22.
Compound Most minerals are
compounds: Quartz = SiO2 Galena = PbS (lead sulfide) Hematite = Fe2O3 (iron oxide)
23.
Chemical Composition of
Crust 98.3% of crust composed of 8 elements (Figure 2.21) Other 84 elements share 1.7% of remaining crust - includes
24.
Crustal Composition
25.
Mineral Groups 1) Silicate
Group - 90% of all minerals Basic building block is the silica tetrahedron SiO44-
26.
Silica tetrahedron (SiO44-) Negative
charge bonds with positive ions Other abundant elements of crust are positive ions
27.
Mineral Groups 2) Nonsilicate
Group Includes: a) rock-forming minerals Ex: calcite
28.
Nonsilicate Group b) native
elements Ex: sulfur, copper, gold c) Metal ores Ex: galena (PbS) magnetite (Fe3O4)
29.
Rocks Aggregate of minerals
(mixture) Some rx are impure quantities of the same mineral Ex: Limestone = calcite (rock) (mineral)
30.
Rocks Most rx are
composed of several minerals Ex: Granite = quartz, feldspar, (rock) hornblende (minerals)
31.
Granite & its
minerals
32.
3 groups of
rocks 1) 2) 3)
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