Chapter 12 Reflection Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian minister who became the most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s. Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white – was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in 1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social equality as well. Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist. Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts. Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived alone for two years as simply as he could. Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year (to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional training for teachers. Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America, peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their way to the New World centuries before Columbus. Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea of a God who was not clearly male or female. Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity. Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that characterized his age. Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth, Emerson left the church i ...

1. Chapter 12 Reflection
Charles Grandison Finney – an evangelistic Presbyterian
minister who became the most influential revival leader of the
1820s and 1830s.
Frederick Douglass – the greatest African American of all – and
one of the most electrifying orators of his time, black or white –
was Frederick Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass
escaped to Massachusetts in 1838, became an outspoken leader
of anti-slavery sentiment. On his return to the United States in
1847, Douglass purchased his freedom from his Maryland owner
and founded an antislavery newspaper, the North Star, in
Rochester, New York. Douglass demanded for African
Americans not only freedom but full social and economic social
equality as well.
Henry David Thoreau – leading Concord transcendentalist.
Thoreau went even further in repudiating the repressive forces
of society. He produced the ideas that individuals should work
for self-realization by resisting pressures to conform to
society’s expectations and responding instead to their instincts.
Thoreau’s own efforts to free himself – immortalized in is most
famous book, Walden – led him to build a small cabin in the
Concord woods on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived
alone for two years as simply as he could.
Horace Mann – the greatest of educational reformers was
Horace Mann, the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of
Education, which was established in 1837. To Mann, education
was the only way to “counterwork this tendency to the
domination of capital and the servility of labor.” He reorganized
the Massachusetts school system, lengthened the academic year
(to six months, doubled teachers’ salaries, enriched the
curriculum, and introduced new methods of professional
training for teachers.
Joseph Smith - Mormonism began in upstate New York as a
result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but

2. economically unsuccessful man, who had spent most oh his
twenty-four years moving restlessly through New England and
the Northeast. In 1830, he published the Book of Mormon that
told a story of an ancient and successful civilization in America,
peopled by one of the lost tribes of Israel who had found their
way to the New World centuries before Columbus.
Shakers – made a redefinition of traditional sexuality and
gender roles central to their society and even embraced the idea
of a God who was not clearly male or female.
Transcendentalism - idealistic philosophical and social
movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and
humanity.
Walt Whitman - the self-proclaimed poet of American
democracy, was the son of a Lon Island carpenter and lived for
many years roaming from place to place, doing odd jobs, while
writing poetry. In his large body of poems, Whitman not only
helped liberate verse from traditional, restrictive conventions
but also helped express the soaring spirit of individualisms that
characterized his age.
Ralph Waldo Emerson – a Unitarian minister in his youth,
Emerson left the church in 1832 to devote himself entirely to
writing and teaching the elements of transcendentalism. He was
the most important intellectual of his age. He produced a
significant body of poetry, but he was most renowned for his
essays and lectures.
Lucretia Mott - devoted her life to the abolition of slavery,
women's rights, school and prison reforms, temperance, peace,
and religious tolerance.
RECALL AND REFLECTION QUESTIONS:
What is "romanticism" and how was it expressed in American
literature and art?
· it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that
redefined the fundamental ways in which people in Western
cultures thought about themselves and about their world.
Romantic writers valued imagination and feeling over intellect

3. and reason. Some celebrated individualism and freedom; they
believed in the basic goodness and equality of human beings
and in their right to view human life. Others took a more
pessimistic view of human life.
· The most important and popular American paintings of the
first half of the nineteenth century set out to evoke the wonder
of the nation’s landscape. They sought to capture the undiluted
power of nature by portraying some of the nation’s wildest and
most spectacular areas – to evoke what many nineteenth century
people called the “sublime,” the feeling of awe and wonderment
and even fear of the grandeur of nature. The first great school of
American painters emerged in New York. Frederic Church,
Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand – who were,
along with others, known as the Hudson River School – painted
the spectacular vistas of the rugged and still largely unsettled
Hudson Valley.
· In literature, Romanticism developed from the works of
authors such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose novel "The
Sorrows of Young Werther" featured a moody, sensitive artist
as its protagonist. Romantic works in English include the poems
of Wordsworth and Coleridge, who explored the themes of
nature and emotion in a poetic language. Other famous English
Romantic writers include Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary
Shelley and John Keats. Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein"
features both a passionate outcast as a protagonist and
descriptions of a wild and untamed nature, which mirrors the
character's internal torment.
How did religion affect reform movements, and what was the
effect of these movements on religion?
The philosophy of reform arose of several distinct sources. One
was the optimistic vision of those who, like transcendentalists,
rejected Calvinist doctrines and preached the divinity of the
individual. Second, and in many respects more important, was
Protestant revivalism – the movement that had begun with the
Second Great Awakening and had evolved into a powerful force
for social reform. Preachers such as Charles Finney used

4. religious reform as a means of social control.
Revivalism became not only a means of personal salvation but
also a mandate for the reform (and control) of their society.
What were the aims of the women's movement of the nineteenth
century? How successful were women in achieving these goals?
· Angered by the traditional restrictions imposed on women, an
organized convention in Seneca Falls was called to discuss the
question of women’s rights. Out of the meeting emerged a
“Declarations of Sentiments,” which stated that “all men and
women are created equal,” that women no less than men have
certain inalienable rights. Their most prominent demand was for
the right to vote.
· Progress toward feminist goals was limited in the antebellum
years, but individual women did manage to break the social
barriers to advancement. Feminists benefited greatly from their
association with other reform movements, most notably
abolitionism; but they also suffered from them.
What arguments and strategies did the abolitionists use in their
struggle to end slavery? Who opposed them, and why?
· Important African American leader, David Walker, a free
black from Boston, published a harsh pamphlet: Walker’s
Appeal… to the Colored Citizens. In it he declared: “America is
more our country than it is the whites’ – we have enriched it
with our blood and tears.” He warned: “The whites want slaves,
and want us for their slaves, but some of them will curse the
day they ever saw us.” Slaves should, he declared, cut their
masters’ throats, should “kill, or be killed!”
· Sojourner Truth, a freed black woman, spent several years
involved in a strange religious cult in upstate New York. She
emerged as a powerful and eloquent spokeswoman for the
abolition of slavery. He founded an antislavery newspaper, the
North Star. He achieved wide renown as well for his
autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, in
which he presented a picture of slavery. Douglass demanded for
African Americans not only freedom but full social and

5. economic equality as well.
· The greatest African American abolitionist of all – and one of
the most electrifying orators of his time, was Frederick
Douglass. Born a slave in Maryland, Douglass escaped to
Massachusetts in 1383, became an outspoken leader of anti-
slavery sentiment, and spent two years lecturing in England
· Almost all white southerners, or course, looked on the
movement with fear and contempt. But so did many northern
whites. The ones, who opposed, thought the abolitionist crusade
was a dangerous and frightening threat to the existing social
system. Some whites correctly warned that it would produce
terrible war between the sections. Others feared, also correctly,
that it might lead to a great influx of free blacks into the North.
The outspoken abolition movement seemed to many northern
whites a sign of the disorienting social changes their society
was experiencing – yet another threat to stability and order. To
other northerners, mostly men of business, abolition was a
threat to lucrative trade with the South.
From baseball to grease, Americans took pride in their at home
contributions to the war efforts.
Patriotism at Home
No time for baseball,
send the boys to war!
In 1942, many young men age 18 and above were drafted into
World War II. This left major league baseball without its star
players and caused an already shaky minor league to go
bankrupt.
Philip Wrigley championed efforts to start a women's’ baseball
league in hopes of keeping the major league parks alive and
making a little money.

6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7krYJUfFv4
A new type of recruit!
Many young women left their homes, families, and work to try
out for the new baseball league.
Some women baseball players had husbands serving overseas in
World War II.
The Rockford Peaches were one of two teams who played all
twelve years the league was alive. This team won the Play-Off
Championship title in 1945, 1948, 1949, and 1950.
Rockford Peaches
Team Photo
1943
YearBall SizeLength of Base PathsPitching DistancePitching
Style194312"65’40’Underhand194411 ½"(midseason)68’
(midseason)40’Underhand194511 ½ "68’42’
(midseason)Underhand194611"70’43’Underhand
Limited side-arm194711"70’43’Full side-
arm19483/8"72’50’Overhand194910“ (red seam)72’55’
(midseason)Overhand195010“ (livelier)72’55’Overhand195210“
(livelier)72’55’Overhand195310“

7. (livelier)75’56’Overhand19549“ (midseason)85’60’Overhand
Evolution of Equipment
Rules and regulations changed frequently in the All-American
Girl’s Professional Baseball League to keep the game more
competitive for players and fun for spectators.
In the last year of the league, women were using the same ball
as men.
Men’s Baseball
90 ft. baselines
60ft 6in from pitcher to home plate
Ball could weight between 5-5 ¼ ounces
Heavy bat 42 in.
68 ft. baselines
40 ft. from pitcher to home plate
Ball could weigh between 6-6 ¾ ounces
Lighter bat up to 42 in.
What’s the difference?
Women’s Baseball
Always a Lady
Women in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
were required to attend classes at charm school after their
practices.
They were to project the image of the “All-American girl next
door.”

8. To display their patriotism before each game, the girls would
line up in V formation and sing The Star Spangled Banner.
They also showed their patriotic spirit by participating in
exhibition games to benefit the Red Cross and they visited
wounded soldiers.
V for Victory!
The patriotism and femininity, coupled with their athletic
talents, gave our boys across the ocean motivation to carry on
and come home.
A Favorite Pastime Diversion
With troops overseas fighting in World War II, girl’s baseball
served as a good diversion for the American people.
600 girls were part of the first ever women’s professional
sporting league.
To help the troops achieve victory in the war, Americans were
asked to collect and recycle certain goods that would aid in the
war effort.
The Victory Program
Americans were encouraged to save kitchen grease fat. The
glycerin in the grease fat was used to make explosives for the
war.

9. 60 % of the world’s glycerin (contained in butter, oils, and
soaps) came from Pacific areas before the Japanese bombing of
Pearl Harbor
With Japan in control of these Pacific areas, American troops
had to look elsewhere for the glycerin needed to make
explosives
This shortage of butter, oils, and soaps caused these items to be
on the ration list in America.
The military looked to housewives to collect grease fats for the
glycerin content.
The Waste Fat Collection Tin
Why Tin?
tin is the only metal not harmed by salt water
2 tin cans can be used to form a syrette (which was used to
administer sedatives on the battlefield)
tin is used in airplanes for instrument panels and bearings
Can this cause……..
The Transformation
this?

10. Eventually, yes!
Waste fat
1lb of waste fat = 1/10 lb of glycerin
Glycerin
Glycerin mixed correctly with sulfuric acid and nitric acid will
form nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin
Used to make gun powder and dynamite

11. Boys and Girls Scouts as well as housewives took the collected
waste fat to their local butcher and received $.04 per lb. for
their efforts. Butchers transferred the waste fat to the soldiers.
A Different Necessity
Fats/oils are reacted with alcohol(methanol), using a strong
alkaline catalyst (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide)
This yields mono-alkyl methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerin
Today there is a huge push for the conservation of animal fats
and cooking oils to be used in biodiesel fuel.
No need for microwaved grease!
Microwaved bacon will produce an unstable oil. High
temperatures used in microwave heat release toxic chemicals
that damage the oil altering the chemical make-up.
Home Soil Patriots
Saving waste fats was just one way that Americans at home
were able to help the war efforts overseas. Through these and
many different efforts, a country became united in its support
for their troops.