This presentation details how to follow the Multimedia and Contiguity Principles when creating multimedia.

1. Tuesday, February 17, 2009

2. Multimedia
&
Contiguity
Principles
Craig Miller
EdTech 513
2/9/09
Tuesday, February 17, 2009

3. Instructional Objectives
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4. Instructional Objectives
• After viewing this slideshow, one should be
able to explain the:
• Chronological “Multimedia Principle”
• Spatial “Contiguity Principle”.
• Additionally, the learner should be able to
identify flaws in poorly designed deliveries
of Words and Pictures.
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5. Multimedia Presentation
Defined
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6. Multimedia Presentation
Defined
• Any presentation containing Words (such as
narration or onscreen text) and Pictures
(such as illustrations, photos, animation, or
video).
• Clark, R., & Mayer, R. (2008). e-Learning and the Science of Instruction.
San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
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7. Multimedia Principle
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8. Multimedia Principle
• Learners develop a deeper understanding
of content when Words and Pictures are
presented simultaneously.
• The words need not solely be delivered by
text, but may also be delivered by voice.
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9. Word Only
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10. Word Only
• This and all previous slides have been Word Only.
• Word Only information requires an audience proficient
at reading and following directions.
• Additionally, Word Only information requires the
learner to individually conceptualize the presented
information.
• Due to the subjectivity of individual internalization,
the presenter can never be sure that all audience
members understood the Word message as designed.
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11. Picture Only
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12. Picture Only
• The following slide is Picture Only.
• Picture Only information requires an
audience that has prior knowledge of the
subject.
• When Pictures are presented without
Words, the presenter may never be
confident that each audience member
understands the purpose of the image.
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13. 7
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14. 7
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15. Words & Pictures
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16. Words & Pictures
• The following slide displays Words & Pictures
at the same time.
• By presenting multimedia simultaneously,
the learner may avoid the need to go back
and forth between the information
presented on sequential slides, pages,
windows, etc.
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17. Natural Carbon Cycle
• The diagram to the right
displays how nature
contributes to the carbon
cycle.
• The arrow aiming down
from the atmosphere
represents the ONLY way
CO2 is removed from the
air.
• EVERY OTHER arrow
contributes CO2 to either
the atmosphere or soil.
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18. Contiguity Principle
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19. Contiguity Principle
• Learners develop a deeper understanding
of content from words and pictures
presented in close physical proximity to
one other.
• The following example separates the slide’s
two main points with empty space &
includes label lines for additional connective
clarity.
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20. Natural Carbon Cycle
The diagram below displays how nature contributes to the carbon cycle.
• The arrow aiming down
from the atmosphere
represents the ONLY way
CO2 is removed from the
air.
• EVERY OTHER arrow
contributes CO2 either to
the atmosphere or soil.
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21. For Better Proximity
Include the Words within the Picture itself!
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22. Rationale Summary
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23. Rationale Summary
• If Words and Pictures are presented
simultaneously and/or near each other, the
learner may focus upon a deeper
understanding of the content rather than
taxing their working memory.
• In other words, the learner may focus upon
meaning rather than trying to remember
the information previously presented.
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24. Did You Master
The Principles?
1. CORRECTLY IDENTIFY
THE PROBLEM:
a) Does not possess
Multimedia.
b) Does not possess
Contiguity
2. HOW COULD THIS
PROBLEM BE REMEDIED?
Source:
http://about.ning.com/product.php
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25. Did You Master
The Principles?
ANSWER:
b) Does not possess
CONTIGUITY. The
descriptions require scrolling
far below the image.
SOLUTION:
Instead of “news”, use the
sidebar to describe each of
the features identified by the
green numbered boxes.
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26. Did You Master
The Principles?
1. CORRECTLY IDENTIFY
THE PROBLEM:
a) Does not possess
Multimedia.
b) Does not possess
Contiguity
2. HOW COULD THIS
PROBLEM BE REMEDIED?
Source:
http://support.apple.com/kb/TS1457
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27. Did You Master
The Principles?
ANSWER:
a) Does not possess
MULTIMEDIA.
All instructions are clearly
organized and hyperlinked
to support pages; however,
image support is not
supplied.
SOLUTION:
A screenshot image
showing the “X” icon in the
menu bar would support
the title.
An additional screenshot
should distinguish between
a red vs. black “X”. 17
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28. Tuesday, February 17, 2009

29. Now Go Forth and
Mix Your Media!
Tuesday, February 17, 2009