This document summarizes several classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, indications, potential reactions, and examples. Sulfonamides work by blocking bacteria's ability to synthesize DNA, while penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit cell wall formation. Macrolides, ketolides, and quinolones target bacterial protein synthesis or DNA synthesis. Aminoglycosides also inhibit protein synthesis but require adjusted doses due to toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Each class has different gram-positive or gram-negative coverage and indications for urinary tract, respiratory, or other infections. Adverse reactions vary but often include gastrointestinal or allergic effects.
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ANTIBIOTICS-MOA
1. ANTIBIOTICS
Sulfonamides(sulfa drugs): are bacteriostatic(stops microbe
reproduction)
MOA: microbes need PABA to make adenine/guanine (DNA).
Sulfa drugs look like PABA and get used instead.
Indications: UTI, respiratory infection
Reactions: allergies, easy sunburn, kidney damage
Considerations:
Avoid sunlight, drink more water
Examples:
Bactrim
silvadene
2. ANTIBIOTICS-penicillins
The ‘miracle drug’ of WW2. Penicillium mold killed
staphylococci plate.
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall
formation yields lysis.
Indications: abcess, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory
infection
Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea
Considerations: take with water, avoid cokes/food, can
interfere with birth control pills
Examples:
Amoxil
Ampicillin
bactocill
3. ANTIBIOTICS-cephalosporins
cephalosporium fungus killed staph. aureus
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall
formation yields lysis.
Indications: URI, sinus infection, surgeries,meningitis
Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea, easy bleeding
Considerations: avoid if allergic to penicillin,
diarrheas, can interfere with birth control pills
Examples:
keflex
omnicef
suprax
4. monobactams/carbapenems
B-lactam ring(cyclic amine)
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram negative bacteria.
adverse reaction---like penicillin…possible
increased seizures
example--azactram/aztreonam
carbapenems
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram pos and negative bacteria.
example---impenem/primaxin
5. tetracyclines
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
indications---acne,bronchitis,walking
pneumonia, Lyme disease
adverse reactions---GI issues,sunlight issues
considerations---avoid with dairy, dental birth
defects, expired may cause death, avoid
under 9yoa
4 hydrocarbon rings
examples----tetracycline/achromycin
doxycycline/monodox
6. macrolides
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
kills gram positive
indications---clamydia, pulmonary infection
adverse reactions---GI issues, liver
considerations--take with food
examples----erythromycins
azithromycin/zithromax
clarithromycin/biaxin
7. ketolides
MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes at 2 sites,prevents adding new amino
acids
derived from eryhtromycin structure change
indications---lung/sinus infection
adverse reactions---blurred vision and GI issues, liver
only telithromycin/ketek available in US
8. quinolones
block baterial DNA synthesis
kills gram neg and positive
indications---bone/joint infection, URI, UTI
adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint
swelling
considerations--avoid antacid, tendon
damage, avoid if pregnant
examples----
ciprofloxacin/cipro
levofloxacin/lavaquin
9. streptogramins
inhibits protein synthesis by binding to
bacterial ribosomes
kills gram neg and positive
indications---MRSA
adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling,site
reaction
considerations---must not contact saline, refrigerate
examples----
quinupristin-dalfopristin combo /synercid
10. aminoglycosides
inhibits protein synthesis by binding to
bacterial ribosomes
indications---sepsis, life threatening infection
adverse reactions---nephrotoxic, ototoxic, tinnitus,deafness
considerations---adjust doses
examples----
neomycin/mycifradin
streptomycin/streptomycin
tobracycin/nebcin