Running head GLOBAL RACISM .docx

Running head: GLOBAL RACISM
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GLOBAL RACISM
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Global Racism
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Global Racism
ABSTRACT
Racism refers to the act of discriminating an individual based
on his or her ethnic background. The problem has naturally
occurred in human beings and has had adverse effects on the
social integration, religious aspects, economic and political
orientation. Many people who belong to the same ethnic
background have decided to establish boundaries between them
and their counterparts who worship on their own, seek political
relevance from their ethnic groups, start and offer jobs to their
ethnic members affecting the economic spread whereby we have
a lot of disparities geographically. I, therefore, look into the
historical racism that has encroached to the present globally and
its effects.
Introduction
In the whole world, we have hundred thousands of ethnic
groups. All of these have been spread throughout the world and

majorly concentrated in the whole world; we have hundred
thousands of ethnic groups. We, however, have those that have
spread to other parts of the world under different circumstances.
We have those who went to look for jobs; others are simply
traversing the world, others on academic missions, religious
missions, political reasons or some were forced to move as
slaves and refugees due to war. One thing is that we have the
ethnic groups that are hospitable enough whereas others are
hostile.
Other ethnic groups are unsociable though they do not harm at
all. What brings the groups are same personal interests and
ventures and what separates us is racism.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Global racism
Racism has dominated many parts of the world for a very long
time. However, there have been measures to see that the issue is
dealt with amid cries from the international community. As a
home to humankind, it has been seen as an epicenter for
businesses, political, religious and economic functions. The
people of the world have physical and mental differences. This
includes the skin color and the ethnic background, the
difference in eye pigmentation, hair length color and texture,
Intelligence Quotient just to name a few. These differences have
been the major cause of racism that has been a major drawback
to many plans the human kind has had for the world. Racism,
however, is not something that just started recently; it has been
in existence since the early 18th century. This was seen as from
the time slavery business was so rampant and that the Europeans
had expanded their colonies to such parts as northern and
southern America and Asia.
The beginning of racism

The problem of racism is highly attributed to having started
from America. This is because there were a lot of immigrations
in the US than any other part of the world. As Africans were
imported to work on the large plantations for the white masters,
they were allowed to do many tasks as they were seen as
inferior, not intelligent, poor and evil. The mistreatment was
among many other reasons that could not let the white masters
have to consider the blacks as human beings. The people who
were rather discriminated include the African Americans who
were as a result of the slave trade and worked in American
plantations, ethnic groups like the Native Americans, the Asian
Americans, the Latino Americans and the Hispanic Americans.
The people who were behind all these discriminations were the
white Americans.
The white Americas had to enjoy exclusive privileges like good
education, traveling to other states and countries, they could
vote and choose leaders of their choice, they could acquire and
own land, they were granted citizenship rights and that
whenever they underwent court cases like having committed a
crime, they could be sentenced and serve the shortest jail terms
as may be compared to the other races. The other group that
enjoyed such privileges was the European Americans who were
the Protestants, Non-protestants from Europe were never given
any good consideration. They suffered from xenophobic
exclusion. They included the Italians, the Irish people and the
Poles that they were never regarded as whites.
The racial discrimination here took many forms, some of them
include slavery as noted before, wars, reservations, boarding
schools, segregation, immigration as well as naturalization just
to mention a few. This brings the idea that the main areas that
racism was depicted include the learning centers, the
restaurants, and places of worship, public transport system,
health facilities and at places of work. The effects were so

adverse that mostly resulted in physical and emotional distress
among the victims.
Discrimination at the place of work, looking at the respective
places of discrimination research shows that workplaces are the
most hit with this kind of discrimination. Hiring is done based
on the ethnic background; the preferred candidates are picked as
the minors are left out. Given that they favor certain people,
these are people who come from the same ethnic background as
their employers and those that do not are denied the chance.
This results in a staff members setting whereby they understand
each other's language and way of doing things. Though it is
difficult to get only people front the same background, the
majority are. The dominating group will constantly harass the
minority group (BARRETT, 2006). The dominant group will
make their native language as the official language especially
when they don’t want the other group to understand their
allegations. Whenever a complaint is logged to the management
about the mistreatment received, the issue goes unattended to.
The mistreated individuals will not be involved in solving and
discussing matters about any pressing issues of the work since
the language used is not understandable to them. This is
evidence from Rusty Barret’s publication, “Language Ideology
and Racial Inequality: Competing Functions of Spanish in an
Anglo-owned Mexican Restaurant.”
When such treatment is prolonged, the fewer group is forced to
voluntarily resign and find a different work whereby they can
be accommodated and recognized. The bitterness about the
whole mistreatment remains in them and become racist towards
the others. The research reveals for example that a group that
ever faces such like treatment is the black Americans. They
view this as due to their race or the black ethnicity. The
researchers have also linked general stress as well job strains to
be a result of racial discrimination. This happens that the group
with the least number of members is harassed by the majority to
work more.

Racism at hotels or restaurants is another instance of racial
discrimination. Studies indicate that every ethnic group has its
traditional cuisine that they like a lot. Due to the love of
traditional cuisines, they always look for where to get them in
the given country. Investors, on the other hand, have seen an
opportunity at investing in race specific restaurants. For
example, blacks are enticed to find local and traditional African
foods from certain restaurants in the foreign country. All the
people visiting such restaurants are those derived from the same
ethnic backgrounds. For people who love diversity visit such
restaurants and are served with lots of exclusions and
discriminations. The attendants and the managers see them as
intruders if they could be attended to you, it is either ejection
order or price exploitation for they are at a foreign place. At
some hotels, which are managed by a certain ethnic group, a
foreigner is just employed to help in services like general
cleaning. Major positions like cooking and serving their guests
are for example only reserved for the whites as the black
Americans are not valued.
At eating places due to racism, the owner has to do a tough kind
of selection of whom to higher so as to be sure with who will
buy food from the hotel. When some Asian guests are served by
a black in an Asians-only restaurant, they feel uncomfortable
and harass the attendant. When the restaurant managers learn of
the incident, instead of solving the differences between the
attendant and the guest this rather means more trouble to the
frustrated staff member for not fulfilling his or her
responsibilities as required. The results would be a deduction of
salary and or termination of the job contract. However, the main
reason could be just that the client just hates and looks down
upon the affected ethnic group. Another issue that affects
employment and service delivery of the discriminated
individuals is that they are never promoted at the place of work
and that they are the ones to handle the most strenuous tasks at

the place of work say the sanitation responsibilities.
Racism at health facilities, a crucial area, is at the hospitals and
other health care facilities. It is reported that this is an area that
needs to be corrected as the kind of health services offered are
so much discriminatory in nature. Some facilities are funded
and managed racially (Lewis, Cogburn & Williams, 2015).
Hence they offer the best medical services; however, they do
not admit and offer medical services to the other inferior races
rather than their own. Substandard medical facilities are the
ones that are left to serve the general public while under the
dilapidated conditions in respective countries of the world. This
has led to health conditions worsening due to the lack of proper
medical care.
Racism in public transport system is an observable feature
worldwide. There are buses that are mostly boarded by the
whites only, some are boarded by the Blacks only, and others
are boarded by the Asians and so on. What happens is that the
public has decided to silently discriminate against each other. In
the US for example, discriminatory laws were repealed from the
constitution, but it has not been naturally and silently practiced
as people board buses based on who are the majority in the bus.
People are currently being defined by their zip codes and thus
different buses are plying their routes (Golub, Marcantonio &
Sanchez, 2013). This has obviously resulted in discrimination
factor being evident, but not many people have come forth to
raise it and find a way of controlling it.
In the worship places, there is no exception that racial
discrimination is still very evident. For example, people who
attend Catholic services are associated with the Americans.
Apparently, it seems to be the largest denomination accounting
to more than 35 million people. However, people of the color
especially the blacks comprise of over 2.5 million. According to
Rev Bryan Massingale who happens to be a Catholic theologian

who is internationally recognized has had a long time
experience of racial discrimination in the church and tried to
bring some order something that has not been effective. The
international church community understands this and that there
is the need for the other races to work together with the rest of
the believers and take up church responsibilities of leading and
serving. He says that black voice and leadership has not existed
before and that there hasn’t been any support. It is seen that the
blacks do not understand and take up leadership as a noble
responsibility something that he has evangelized without much
success.
This is evident those lines of racism are still thick in the
religious space and that attempts to cut the line have been
unsuccessful. A small percentage of the American populations
have been able to set aside their ethnic differences and attend
the church together. The factor of racism has been a major
blow to many religious leaders around the world at large.
Muslims, on the other hand, are associated with the Arabs and
the Middle East ethnic groups; they, however, do not tolerate an
individual from a different religion as they have a belief that
only their religion is the most powerful in the world. Hindus
and Buddhist have the same feeling thus this has brought about
major lines of differences between ethnic groups based on their
religious beliefs.
Citing America as an example a long time in the history,
education privileges were given to the whites only. That is the
white Americans and the white Europeans; the rest were not fit
to learn. In America, there have been constant wars between the
quality of education that could be given to the other students
and the special education than could be given to the white
students (Lundy & Mazama, 2014). The American blacks, for
example, fought to be considered in the same schools as the
Native and white Americans, something that was slowly
embraced by the Constitution. However, today the rift that was

once filled has started developing with the idea of
homeschooling among the black American individuals. Some of
the reasons cited are that the black American parents find this
as the only best method to guarantee their learner’s quality
education as opposed to the one they would be offered at
schools where they are underrepresented, the fallout between
the white teachers and the learners with a color skin has
constantly increased.
It is reported that every time a black American learner placed
complaints about mistreatment to a white teacher the complaint
is less aggressively received compromising the standards of
education they receive. Given that the white parents also have
pulled their students out of the cosmopolitan schools, the white
teachers have resolved to do homeschooling too (Lundy &
Mazama, 2014). According to responses to the interview
questions by Garvey and Mazama, racism was the second largest
factor after the quality of education that motivated most parents
to have their children homeschool. Therefore as much as the
racism factor, the whole America would be seen as something
that can be controlled with much ease, apparently many areas
and cases indicate that it is not yet just enough to control it and
that a lot of efforts have to be initiated right from the grassroots
level to bring together all the people. Competition for space and
resources is the major reason as to why racism prevails in
America. Family bonds, religion, morals are other factors that
contribute highly to the current atmosphere.
Diversity Perspectives
We hence need a new set of skills and trends that can have a
positive impact of changing the norms about racism. We need to
accept an associate with different people of color without any
biases and misjudgments, and that is why the following diverse
perspectives which are significant as follows. It has resulted in
the emergence of vulnerable and disfranchised groups due to

mistreatment; they are marginalized and underrepresented. I
narrowly focus on their mistreatment and discrimination. They
have suffered throughout their lives in their own countries due
to the harsh political, economic, social and religious
environment (Bryant-Davis & Tummala-Narra, 2017). I will
highlight the various ways through which such groups can be
involved with other people and see racism discouraged and
people who seem to be staunch racist to embrace the world
communities.
Significance of Racism
So as to explain better the significance of racism, I will
consider talking about racism. Here, it is necessary to
understand what racism is and cite cases that amount to racism.
Some of the cases that amount to racism include; refusing to sit,
eat, walk, pray, work or associate with people who are not of
your ethnic background or simply have a different type of skin
from yours.
The second point is about the effects of racism on the progress
of the world. Racism for a long time has negatively affected the
world in a manner that there is no love, no association, and
collaboration (Bryant-Davis & Tummala-Narra, 2017).
Therefore there is no way people of different ethnic
backgrounds can decide to better the world together, and wholly
instead they concentrate on their immediate environment that is
where they live. This has resulted in partial development
features. The third point is how racism affects the growth in the
community and also businesses.
Competing entities affected by racism
In the whole world, there exist so many disfranchised groups.
Every region has a way of classifying their vulnerable races
regarding their population and native region of origin. Their

presence in any country causes a lot of competition between the
local citizens and the immigrants, for example, the white
Americans, the Latinos, the black Americans, the Hispanic
Americans, the Asian Americans and Mexican Americans from
America. In Europe, we have the Slavs, Romanians, the
Ukrainians, and the Tatars people, Celts, the Czechs and the
Croats. In Africa, we have the Bantu in South Africa, the
Khoisans, the Somalis, the Indians, the black people. Italians
and Baits in Sweden, the Poles in the Great Britain, the Karens
of Burma. The disadvantaged groups here include the Latinos,
the black Americans, the Hispanic Americans, the Mexican
Americans, the Slavs, the Somalis, the Indians, and the Bantus
who live in South Africa. Thus what is being affected most is
the quality of life these people lead. They are each and every
time frustrated by their constant ongoing clashes of racism.
They cannot be hired to some extent; they cannot invest in their
host nations. They are given their own schools for their children
and happen to have their own social amenities.
Cultural perspective
There have so been so many incidences of which culturally,
there are acts of racism and discrimination that led to extreme
sufferings of the vulnerable and disfranchised groups. For
example, the case to do with Hitler and Stalin, they both killed
so many people in the name of racial discrimination. So many
Jews who were immigrants into Europe were killed in agony,
and others who survived were forced to wander while seeking
refuge. Some who managed to go back home found their lands
occupied by their neighbors who turned cruel to them. Others
looked for their relatives and never managed to find them. Until
now, though some have had to cope up and find life in
Germany, apparently they have never come to good terms with
the local Germans due to a bitter past.
Until recently, racism s still real in the middle east, every
foreigner who goes into their countries are required to be

believers of the Muslim religion. We have had cases of African
ladies who have gone in the middle east in search of jobs being
tortured and killed. In a very recent article in Aljazeera that was
published on July this year with the tagline “Confronting anti-
black racism in the Arab world” has openly indicated how slave
trade is still taking place in these countries and the traded
people end up being mistreated, and some eventually die.
Cultural inequalities
From my literature review, the cultural inequalities that are
evident include denied access to shopping centers, denied
access to quality education, denied access to quality medical
care, and denied access to better employment opportunities and
rights to democratic activities like voting and public
appointments (Reilly & Niens, 2017).
Hofstede's Cultural Values Framework
Hofstede’s cultural values
The first dimension is the power distance index or PDI whereby
there has been a high PDI score in most cases because the
racists do not want to have equal powers with the vulnerable
groups. The second is the individualism vs. collectivism
whereby a high IDV score can be registered between people of
the same ethnic groups as their interpersonal connection is
strong unlike between them and other different ethnic groups.
The third model is Masculinity versus feminity whereby the
between these vulnerable groups, the roles between men and
women are different whereby masculinity is much prominent
that the men always want to resist the actions of their majority
ethnic groups when they depict oppression rather than
exhibiting feminity which is based on the creation of good
relationships (Kirkman, Lowe & Gibson, 2016).
The fourth model is uncertainty avoidance index whereby there

are very high UAI scores between these rival vulnerable groups
and the superior racist because the vulnerable groups do not
want to lose. The fifth dimension is Pragmatic vs. normative
whereby in pragmatic, the vulnerable groups have behaved
modestly to avoid obvious conflicts with the superior races and
that in normative; the vulnerable groups have always wanted to
be taken seriously on their demands (Kirkman, Lowe & Gibson,
2016).The sixth dimension is the Indulgence versus Restraint
whereby the score has always been low because the vulnerable
groups used not to be freely gratified and never enjoyed life.
Manifestation of out-group biases
Out-group biases have been manifested in many perspectives
when it comes to racism, from the white American perspectives
for example; they have seen that the black Americans are fools
due to illiteracy. They (blacks) will be the whites’ servants
forever, they cannot be taught anything and be perfect, and that
they have a small IQ like the bush monkeys and apes. From the
black’s perspective; they have seen the whites as very ugly and
not as handsome like them.
Justice theory
In the presentation of my argument, I choose the theory of
reasoned action by Fishbein and Ajzen. In this theory, it states
that intentions are independently influenced by the attitudes of
an individual together with subjective norms. This will, in turn,
have a direct influence on the behavior depicted by the
individual. This is because the racism factor was brought about
by the attitudes the white races had towards the other races like
being their masters and also disregarding their intellectual
ability.

Solution
s to mitigate racism
One of the solutions that I think would work best is equitably
representing every ethnic group in the public service whereby
they would be appointed to be high court judges and police
officers which would remove the justifications and the bitter
feeling that the white judges discriminatively sentence to prison
the blacks or police frisk and arrest discriminatively nonwhite
individuals (Carr, 2016).
Strategies for equitable treatment
One of the strategies is the appointment of individuals to public
service positions based on their merit of academic qualifications
(Carr, 2016). Also, an equal representation of the respective
ethnic groups in all the arms of the government needs to be
effected. These will eradicate the feelings of discriminative
service delivery. The diverse perspectives have resulted in
human feeling to some people. I believe that much more
positive effect is equally spread to more directions of the word.
However these diverse perspectives complement the ethical
perspectives, but just how? More explained as below.

Ethical Issues and Racism in the world
The issue of racism has been highlighted in many instances
across all the races in the world. From the whites, the black
Americans, the Latinos, the Asian, the Native Americans, the
Native Hawaiians just to mention a few. So that there could
exist an understanding between different races, there have been
a lot of initiatives that had to be worked on which required the
active participation of all the races. Thus the following ethical
issues were Deontological ethics, utilitarian ethics and Virtue
ethics. Deontological ethics refers to the ability for people to
judge the morals of doing something whether it is right or
wrong. Thus it is an obligation or duty to respect other races
because a person has no obligation to choose his or her race for
it happens naturally.
For utilitarian ethics, here people are made to understand the
outcomes of a good thing or wrong thing. Hence they learn
reasons for not being racial or being racial and what to expect
in return. That when you are a racist, then the larger society is
going to act the same way to you and if you are not a racist,
then everybody accommodates you, and you make friends. This
has positively impacted on racial discrimination; people
understand to distinguish between the right actions and rightful

behaviors and those that are deemed wrong like racial
discrimination.
Virtue ethics has made people work on good relationships for
they know that their characters are a reflection of their thinking.
A racist individual is one who doesn’t consider others to be
worthy and valuable. Therefore so that they may be seen as
thinking ethically, they must embrace diversity. This is what
has brought a good understand and relationship building
between the groups that were once staunch racist in a bid to
bring peace and harmony. The Indians are able to form good
working relationships with the Asians; the Africans are able to
move along with the Native Americans.
Policies that affected the individuals and communities
As these individuals have lived in the same country for long,
their bone of contention was that these white individuals and
communities have always wanted to; attend to the best schools
alone. Hence no black or other races were allowed to take their
children in such schools. The schools had the best teachers and
gave their children a high-quality education. In public transport
system, the whites wanted to board their own cars and buses;
they were given first class treatments when boarding trains, no
other race was allowed in the same train wagon with the whites

(Golub, Marcantonio & Sanchez, 2013). The whites had
designated worship centers; however, they were dedicated to
teaching the other races how to worship as well. The whites had
their own shopping centers and did not want to mix the shops
with the other races. They only worked in the offices, and the
black Americans were only meant for their plantations. All
these were policies imposed by the whites.
The majority-minority factor was so influential such that every
race wanted to reduce and surpass the wealth gap between them
and their “majority” races. This hence could result in the
scramble for the available opportunities to create wealth an idea
that the whites who believed that they were the majority did not
like at all.
Actions of the vulnerable and disenfranchised groups
The other races like the Africans started attending schools; they
even fought for equity in education whereby they wanted to
attend to schools meant for the rich races (Lundy & Mazama,
2014). They boycotted the schools and class lessons. This halted
learning activities in the respective schools. Another action is
that they demanded to buy commodities from the shops that they
were restricted not to. Some went ahead even to boycott buying
from the shops that were set aside for them demanding that they

could only work in them after they employ their fellow
“brothers’ and “sisters” to mean other blacks. The blacks
decided to boycott school bus rides so that they could also be
granted school bus rides. This was seen as a measure to narrow
the gap of inclusivity in education quest. They bought food
from the restaurants that were only meant for the superior
majority. They also wanted to be recognized in political scenes,
the military and the white collar jobs unlike before when the
black Americans were regarded to be the farm and home
attendants.
Outcomes
As time went by, a lot of disputes occurred that involved so
many people getting injured. The racist ethnic groups lost their
properties in the fights; they made very little profits during the
boycotts that were organized by the retaliative groups to only
buy from the shops where blacks were employed. Many lives
were lost as the enmity between the groups widened and
worsened. The retaliative groups started forming movements
and elected their leaders who represented them before the
federal leaders to deliver their pleas. Such leaders included
Malcolm X in the United States for the blacks who would later
be assassinated.

The consequences
When governments started realizing the need to protect the
rights of the other minor races that wanted to be recognized,
with the help from the respective country’s court system, laws
and acts were crafted to see that the victims of the slavery and
racism are being protected and have adequate access to the
fundamental needs which include education, association,
worship, shopping, health and conducting businesses. This saw
them start attending good schools, eating at the high places,
assisting the others in a move that showed that anti-racism laws
are taking effect.
In America for example, black Americans started taking courses
that were meant for the white student like those that could
enable them to learn the law, unlike their usual carpentry and
tailoring courses. Some started getting involved in active
politics; the black Americans started being recruited in the
military and started gaining more power. These privileges came
after many black Americans students had studied law and
understood what their rights entail.
The ethical underpinnings
The kind of force that was being initiated by the
disenfranchised groups and the discriminated races in search for

their current freedom did not just happen but rather was as a
result of some factors as am going to discuss them as follows;
i. Motivation
This is the factor that gave them the strength to be persistent. If
they were not motivated to seek for their recognition, then it
wouldn’t have been an easy task to gain the freedom of equal
treatment free from racism. The fight for this freedom was
painful and tiring, normally a peon would not endure such, but
they walked together, talked among themselves, planned all the
events and how they would take place. They believed in their
mission, a mission to be liberated.
ii) Education
Education is a powerful tool that can help anyone to do a lot in
life pertaining matters of politics, religion, business
management, finance, the administration just to name a few.
Hence before Africans could attend school and learn how to
read and write, they were primitive. But education was an eye
opener and wanted to pursue more of it and have opportunities
for their children to enjoy better standards of education (Lundy
& Mazama, 2014). Thus they learned how to negotiate terms
and communicate in the best way possible about their demands.

This gave them an upper hand as more opportunities came their
way for they had learned how to handle opportunities.
iii) Need for freedom
The policies by racist groups are intolerable to endure. The
restrictions the discriminated groups were subjected to were
making them fight for some freedom ever when they knew very
well that it was so dangerous and life threatening. However,
those who believed that it was possible stood by their courage
and got involved in the demos that used to be organized.
Areas for further studies
Throughout the study, most of the racism issues and topics
discussed have majorly involved the comparison of the events
that unfolded between the black Americans and the white
Americans and the white Europeans. However, this battle seems
to be dominant, yet we also have other ethnic groups that have
been mentioned but not discussed. It is not easy to tell whether
these groups say the Latinos, the native Hawaiians, and the
Italians whether they were also discriminated ethically and if at
all they took part in the fight for recognition. Given that these
people were under the same colonies, it would be better if their
functions or their participation had any impact on what is

regarded to as racism. Areas to look at will include their
participation in the education system, the military, the politics,
the trade activities, the farming culture and also their role in the
health system.
These areas of further studies are part and parcel of what can
also bring equitable solutions to racism. For example, we need
to talk about racism in the strongest terms possible. All ethnic
groups need to equally respect and address their counterparts as
people with equal privileges. So as to have this virtue strongly
infused in everyone’s minds, we thus need to have social studies
integrated into the basic level curriculum of education.
Whenever there are any appointments especially the state or
federal government appointments, they should be done in a
manner that all the ethnic groups are equitably represented.
Such like appointments include those of public service, for
example, the judges and the police. Another way is to
completely remove the existence of categorical education
centers that promote racial discrimination by admitting
particular students from certain ethnic backgrounds.
Conclusion
We have to, therefore, join together and go strongly against
racial discrimination and rather advocate for equal treatment.

More people will feel the necessity to stop the vice, the state
governments are the ones that need to lead in such like
awareness programs which would in a way amplify the voice of
the vulnerable, disfranchised and underrepresented communities
across the globe.
References
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