1) Animal cells contain organelles that allow the cell to carry out essential life functions. These organelles include the nucleus, which houses the cell's genetic material, mitochondria, which produce energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies, which transport materials within the cell.
2) The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell. Inside the cell, the cytoplasm contains organelles and provides structure for the cell.
3) Organelles such as lysosomes digest materials for the cell, vacuoles store and transport waste, and ribosomes produce proteins using instructions from the DNA in the nucleus. Together, these organelles allow animal
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Ingles celula animal
1. Animal Cell Structure
and Function
Names: Rodriguez Yaritza Level: XIIº H
González José Luis
2. Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells
through cell division.
3. Definition of Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is
capable of performing life
functions.
6. Two Types of Animal Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
7. Prokaryotic
• Do not have
structures
surrounded by
membranes
• Few internal
structures
• One-celled
organisms,
Bacteria
8. Prokaryotic Cells
• Prokaryotic cells include the bacteria and
archaea.
• Bacterial cells have these constant features:
• Outer Boundary: Cell wall
• Plasma membrane
• Cytoplasm: Ribosomes
• Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria)
• Innumerable enzymes
• Nucleoid: Chromosome (DNA only)
3-8
9. 3-9
• Bacterial cells may have plasmids,
small accessory rings of DNA.
• Some bacteria have a capsule or a
slime layer.
• Most bacteria have flagella.
• Some also have fimbriae that help
cells attach to surfaces.
• Bacteria have a great metabolic
diversity.
10. Eukaryotic
• Contain organelles surrounded by
membranes
• Most living organisms
Animal
11. Evolution of the Eukaryotic
Cell
• According to the endosymbiotic
hypothesis, eukaryotes arose from a
symbiotic relationship between various
prokaryotes.
- Heterotrophic bacteria became
mitochondria.
- Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts.
- Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell.
3-11
17. Nucleus
• Repository for genetic material
• Directs activities of the cell
• Usually single, some cells several, RBC none
• Nucleolus - region of intensive ribosomal RNA
synthesis
• Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid bilayer
membranes
• nuclear membrane
• Nuclear pores – protein gatekeepers
• Usually proteins going in and RNA going out
20. Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow
material to enter and
leave nucleus
21. Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for
traits & characteristics
• DNA of eukaryotes is
divided into linear
chromosomes.
• exist as strands of
chromatin, except
during cell division
• associated with
packaging histones,
packaging proteins
• nucleosomes
23. Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains hereditary material
24. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth type: lacks
ribosomes
• Rough type (pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface
25. Endoplasmic reticulum
• Largest internal membrane
• Composed of Lipid bilayer
• Serves as system of channels from the
nucleus
• Functions in storage and secretion
• Rough ER is “rough” because of associated
ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis
• Smooth ER - lack associated ribosomes –
contained embedded enzymes, catalyze
synthesis of carbohydrate and lipid
molecules
26. Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ribosomes
& floating
throughout the cell
27.
28. Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials
within the cell
• Move materials out
of the cell
29. Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water
and other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
30. Mitochondria are needed for aerobic respiration which produces energy.
The more active a cell, the more mitochondria are present.
31. Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes
32. Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound
sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water
solution
• Help plants maintain
shape
Hinweis der Redaktion
Evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis is the following:
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in both size and structure.
Both organelles are bounded by a double membrane – the outer membrane may represent the engulfing vesicle, and the inner membrane from the prokaryote.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts each contain a limited amount of genetic material and divide by splitting. The DNA is a circular loop like that of prokaryotes.
Most proteins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are now produced by the host cell, but these organelles do have their own ribosomes and do produce some proteins. Their ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes.
The RNA base sequence of the ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria suggests a prokaryotic origin.