1. Unit 3: Memory

2. Think about it: If someone asked you what memory is (to define) memory, what would you say? Are there different types / kinds of memory? If so, brainstorm some. How important is the ability to remember? Why? Explain your thoughts? Without our memory we would not survive. Agree or disagree, and explain your choice. Without memories we would not know who we are. Agree or disagree, and explain your choice.

3. Memory: The concept of memory is difficult to define. Memory is one of those abilities that we take for granted. Certainly memory is related to learning. Memory: Is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use.

4. There are many ways we memorize learned material: Serial Learning: - Material that has been learned must be repeated in the order which it was presented. Examples: - Phone numbers - Simple procedure like how to make coffee - Math equations

6. Read Handout: Initial Studies in Memory: Who was Herman Ebbinghaus? What are nonsense syllables and why are they important? Explain the curve of forgetting. What is a recognition test (provide an example). What is a relearning test? What does it show?

8. How many commercials have you seen or heard that did not include music or a jingle?

10. Let’s Test Your Memory for Advertisements:

12. Army

13. M'm, M'm good

14. Campbell’s Soup

15. Waaay delicious

16. Wendy’s

17. Winston tastes good like a cigarette should

18. Winston’s Cigarettes

19. A little dab'll do ya

20. Brule Cream

21. Diamonds are forever

22. Debeers

23. Just do it

24. Nike

25. Tastes great, less filling

26. Miller Lite

27. Good to the last drop

28. Maxwell House

29. Don’t leave home without it

30. American Express

31. Wassup?!

32. Budweiser

33. Have it your way.

34. Burger King

35. Got milk?

36. I’m Love’n it

38. Subway

39. Have a Break

40. Kit Kat

41. Betcha can’t have just one

42. Lay’s Chips

43. Makes a nice light snack

44. Coffee Crisp

45. Pure Nature

46. Disani

47. Be Kool

48. Kool Aid

49. Look, Ma, no cavities!

50. Crest

51. Zoom Zoom

52. Mazda

53. Ingredients for life.

54. Safeway

55. Excelerate your Breath

56. Excel

57. You’ll Find Us

58. Best Sleep Center

59. Think outside the Bun

60. Taco Bell

61. The Best a Man can get

62. Gillette

63. Do the Dew

64. Mountain Dew

65. You can do it we can help

66. Home Depot

67. What’s in your Wallet

68. Capital one

69. Is it in you?

71. D C R M Y N S V I E G Z

73. Provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli that are present at a particular moment

76. Info must be processed in STM before it can be transferred to more permanent storage in LTM

77. STM lasts only for a short period of time

79. For example: In the same experiment as above participants counted backwards by threes (an interfering task) after learning the three-letter stimulus. The result was that most Short Term information was simply lost.

81. What about phone numbers that are 10 digits with the area code?

82. Grouping or chunking things is the solution

84. Working memory – the intermediate processing stage between STM and LTM, where attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on the materialFor example: you are in class listening to a lecture in which a definition is mentioned. While you hold what the teacher is saying in your STM, you retrieve word meaning from LTM. Then you use Working memory to make sense of the new sentence you just heard.

85. Long Term Memory: Memory stage that has a very large capacity and the capability to store information relatively permanently Rehearsal or practice is important in the transfer of information from STM into LTM Two types of memory rehearsal: 1. Maintenance Rehearsal 2. Elaborative Rehearsal

87. Elaborative Rehearsal: Meaning is added to the material to be remembered.- This leads to more permanent memory and promotes transfer of information into LTM.

88. Why do we forget? Some memory loss is due to fading or decay of memories over time (Curve of Forgetting) Other memory loss is caused by interference There are two main types of memory interference: Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference

89. Proactive Interference: Situation in which previously learned (old) information hinders the recall of information learned more recently (new information) For example: You move into a new house but find yourself still using your old address and phone number Example 2: In January many people continue to write the previous year’s date

90. 2. Retroactive Interference: - Situation when information learned more recently (new information) hinders the recall of information learned previously (old information) - Models of memory suggests that when a memory is recalled from LTM and enters our consciousness, it may be combined with new information that have been received, creating a new memory. - If this new modified memory is properly rehearsed it may be transferred back to LTM for permanent storage

91. Bollywood Movie Trailer 26 Right What word was written under the diamond at the end of the trailer? 2 Wrong 6 Right What mode of Transportation was used to weave between cars 22 Wrong

92. Bollywood Movie Trailer 4 Right What colour was the first helicopter? 24 Wrong How old was the last woman / girl in the trailer? Woman Avg =24 Girl Avg = 18 Was anyone wearing a watch? 19 Right 9 Wrong

93. 10 Techniques for Improving Memory: Influential Factors: 1.Number of study sessions: - Generally the greater the number of sessions the better the learning and memory 2. Distribution of Study Sessions: - Sessions should be spread out. Spaced practice is more effective than massed practice 3. Meaningfulness of Material: - If you attach meaning you will learn better and remember longer

94. 4. Similarity of items: - a group of items of the same general type will be learned better than a group of dissimilar items 5. Serial Positioning: - Items at the beginning and end of a study session or list will be learned better than items in the middle of the study session or list 6. Mnemonic Devices: - When you are not able to attach authentic meaning to information, creating associations to help you remember the material will increase memory

95. 7. Imagery: - Creating mental images or pictures in your mind enhances recognition and recall of information 8. Grouping or Chunking: - grouping similar items together into categories helps to remember them better 9. Coding: - Creating special codes to help learn material that lack relevance 10. Exercise regularly – Both mind and body

96. Memory Champ! What was his technique? Walk a path several times Then hang a memory on each significant part of the path. We are going to do that.

97. Here is the Task Walk a path in the school. Classes are in session so you need to be silent. As you walk the path create 10 anchors. These could be rooms or teachers. It should be some place where you have a memory. Walk the path 4 times! Memorize the order of your anchors. Attach a memory technique on an anchor. Try to have meaning to the association Ex. Maybe Serial Positioning could be associated with the Foods’ Lab (Cereal -> food, get it?)

98. Memory Reconstruction Article: Question #5 Will be discussed / presented and Handed in by group: Leader – Leads discussion / makes sure everyone has contributed ideas Recorder – Writes down group’s answers / thoughts Focuser – Redirects the group back to the task at hand when they get off task Time Keeper – reminds group of time remaining so that task gets complete Reporter – Shares key points of the groups discussion with the whole class

99. Different Types of LTM 3 Major types of LTM: Procedural Memory for making responses and performing skilled actions.

100. Different LTMs Semantic Memory for general knowledge. 7-2 = ? Alberta shares a border with BC Big cities tend to be rather impersonal Tip-Of-The-Tongue phenomenon. We will test your semantic memory. Write down your answers to each of the following questions.

101. Sematic LTM Which ocean is adjacent to California? Which type of engine is used to power an automobile? What do bears do in the winter? What are 2 Manitoban lakes? What is the capital of Saskatchewon? Who was Canada’s first Prime Minister? Where will the 2019 Olympics be held?

102. Semantic LTM (TOT) Name the province each of the following cities are in: Edmonton Dauphin Wistler Ottawa Medicine Hat Fort Nelson Fort Francis Abbotsford FlinFlon Moncton St. John’s Peterborough A M B O S B O B M N N O

103. Episodic Memory Personal experiences. Also Called Flashbulb! Think of a comera Take a picture and it will stay in memory. Here are some of mine: May 25th 2002 4:03PM 35 cm of Snowfall Nov. 15th 2005 Nov 26th 2007 The death of Michael Jackson Sep 11th 2001

104. Eye Witness Testimony Height from: 5’3 - 6’3 Weight from: 150 – 220 lbs Age From: 17 - 37 years old Shirt: Yellow, Green, White, Plaid Pant Style: Khaki, Cargo, Dress, Slacks Pant Colour: Cream, Tan, Beige, Dark, Black, Brown, Green Hair Style: Short, Spiky, Curly, Straight Hair Colour: Black, Dark Brown, Light Brown, Brown, Blonde Mole Black Briefcase White Necklace Non-Athletic Had a knife “Looked like a white Boughen” 5’10 175 lbs Brown Hair Yellow Shirt Greenish Grey Dress Pants Glasses 21 years old

105. Déja Vu French for “Already Seen” There are 40 theories 70% of population stated to have experienced it Most in ages 15 – 25 result from an overlap between the neurological systems responsible for STM and those responsible for LTM. The events would be stored into memory before the conscious part of the brain even receives the information and processes it. Disorders Eye seeing faster than the other eye.

107. Such testimony often play an important part in jury trials

108. Listen to story.

109. What cues were present when the accident was present?

110. What cues were present when the statement was made?

111. Is it possible for the drivers of the 2 cars to modify the memories of the eye witness as they discussed the accident?When you retrieve a memory from LTM it is placed in STM. New information can then me added to the memory.

112. Encoding Specificity Hypothesis The” states that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded.

113. More Examples of Stat-Dependent Learning

115. Psychologists have found that when a memory is retrieved from LTM, it appears to be placed in STM for processing

116. While in STM it is possible to add new information to a memory and then re-encode the modified memory

117. The next time you retrieve the new memory, your report may not correspond exactly to what actually happened because the new memory now contains the additional information

119. Focus of her work was on human memory and how it can be changed by facts, ideas, suggestions and other forms of post-event information

120. Her interest in memory began with one of her first studies The Lost in the Mall experiment.

121. Discovered what she termed as “False Memory Syndrome”

122. Discovered the “Misinformation Effect:

124. One groups saw the red sports car approach a stop sign at the intersection, the second group saw the sports car approach a yield sign at the intersection

127. For the participants in each group, the questions were inconsistent with what really happened – if they had seen a stop sign, the question referred to a yield sign, etc.

128. Finally, all participants were shown both pairs of slides and asked to pick the one they had actually seen.The results were startling:

130. Only 40% of the participants asked the inconsistent questions were able to select the slide they had actually seen.

131. The experiment proved that questioning had altered their memory of the incident

132. Loftus repeated a similar experiment, called the CrashExperiment and found similar results.

134. Unit 5: Thinking, Language, Intelligence, and the Brain

136. Q2: What does it mean to be intelligent?

137. Q3: What are the characteristics of an intelligent person?

138. Q4:Is intelligence a result of your genes (nature) or you environment (nurture)?