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КУПИ ПАСОШ,ВОЗАЧКА ДОЗВОЛА,ЛИЧНА КАРТА,ДИПЛОМА, ИЗВЕШТАЈ О РОЂЕЊУ,ШЕНГЕН ВИЗА,КАНАДА ВИЗА
- 1. Titel van deze presentatie Subtitel van de presentatie Titel van deze presentatie Subtitel van de presentatie Drugs bought online/offline @Netherlands dr. Peggy van der Pol Drug Monitoring & Policy
- 2. 2 Conflict of interest I have no conflict of interest to declare
- 3. <nr> Aims Online Perception better quality, lower prices Compare online with offline purchased drugs: 1. purity 2. adulteration 3. price
- 4. 4 Few studies on quality/price • Purity dark net market products higher self-reports, perceived purity • Most samples contained advertised ingredient & high purity N=213 Europe, US, China, Canada, Argentina, Australia
- 5. 5 Drug Information & Monitoring System
- 6. 6 Drug Information & Monitoring System
- 7. gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) 7 Methods • N=32,663 drug consumer samples 2013-2016 • of which 928 were bought ‘online’ • Lab analysed • Chemical purity of powders (or dosage per tablet “☻”) • Adulteration • only advertised drug • advertised + other • no advertised drug • Price per gram, blotter or ☻
- 8. 8 % samples bought online Controlled: ecstasy 1% MDMA 2%, amphetamine1% cocaine 1% LSD 5%,2C-B 6% NPS: 4-FA 32% 5/6-APB 48% methoxetamine54% 26% 15% 59% Web shops Cryptomarkets Unspecified
- 9. 9 Purity • No large differences online vs. offline • Small but statistically significant online offline - Ecstasy☻131 mg 121 mg p=.05 - MDMA 45% 61% p=.02 - 4-FA 59% 52% p=.001 - 2C-B ☻ 21 mg 10 mg p=.05
- 10. 10 Adulteration 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline on offline Ecstasy tabletsᴵᴵ X2=2.3 p=.3 MDMA powders X2=1.6 p=.5 Amphetamine powders X2=0.2 p=.9 Cocaine powders X2=2.3 p=.3 LSD X2=3.1 p=.2 2C-B powders X2=0.4 p=.8 4-FA powders X2=8.3 p.02 5/6-APB powders X2=5.0 p=.08 MXE powders X2=0.5 p=.8 2C-B tablets X2=6,7 p=.04 4-FA tablets X2=5,9 p=.05 composition per substance (%) Only advertised drug (%) Advertised drug+other (%) No advertised drug (%) XTC☻MDMA Amph Coke LSD 2C-B 4-FA* ABP MXE 2C-B*☻4-FA *☻
- 11. 11 Price 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 online (€) offline (€) +10% +22% * +17% +23% +23% +16% n.s. €
- 12. 12 Conclusions • Online purchase ↑, particularly NPS • Purity & adulteration online≈offline most substances • Price mostly online ↑ than offline • Confirms nor refutes good reputation online drug quality (NL) • % unadulterated samples NPS ↑ than controlled drugs (except☻)
- 13. 13 Discussion • Online drug markets likely ↑ given its advantages • NL street ↓prices ↑quality than other countries • Online willing to pay extra for similar quality ? law enforcement interventions vs. ? potential interference monitoring & harm reduction ? (potential) health gains of controlling NPS vs. ? potential side-effect of creating more adulterated market
- 14. Titel van deze presentatie Subtitel van de presentatie Titel van deze presentatie Subtitel van de presentatie Drugs bought online/offline @Netherlands dr. Peggy van der Pol, ppol@trimbos.nl
- 15. 15
- 16. 16 86 83 56 66 33 21 11 5 53 48 23 18 73 66 73 52 83 75 4 4 12 9 56 66 75 82 3 1 38 47 6 4 4 6 9 10 10 14 33 25 12 13 14 13 44 51 38 35 22 30 23 42 9 15 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% online 197 offline 18363 online 43 offline 1907 online 43 offline 3475 online 28 offline 4158 online 34 offline 693 online 13 offline 83 online 344 offline 480 online 52 offline 53 online 23 offline 20 Ecstasy II tablets p=.3 MDMA powders p=.4 Amphetamine powders p=.2 Cocaine powders p=.3 LSD p=.2 2C-B powders p=.8 4-FA powders p.02 5/6-APB powders p=.08 MXE powders p=.8 Only advertised drug (%) Advertised drug+other (%) No advertised drug (%) n=
- 17. N Purity in %II online offlineI online mean (sd) offlineI mean (sd) Ecstasy tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg)II+III 197 18363 131mg (61)II 121mg (66) 4-FA tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg) II 10 273 69 mg 30 mg 2C-B tablets (‘purity’=dose in mg) II 20 409 21 mg 10 mg MDMA powders 43 1907 45% (38) 61% (44) Amphetamine powders 43 3475 39% (26) 41% (25) Cocaine powders 28 4158 56% (29) 53% (27) LSD (‘purity’=dose in μg)II 34 693 35μg (36) II 33μg (46) II 2C-B powders 13 83 44% (37) 42% (35) 4-FA powders 344 480 59% (32) 52% (35) 5/6-APB powders 52 53 n.a. n.a. Methoxetamine powders 23 20 n.a. n.a. ISSDP 2017, Aarhus, DK I. Offline = samples not online or from unspecified source. II. Purity represents the mean percentage of pure substance. The maximum chemical purity of powders is never 100% (analysed to the base component of the substance), but varies between substances: MDMA 84%, amphetamine 73%, cocaine 89%, 2C-B 88%, 4-FA 81%. For tablets purity is defined as the percentage of pure substance, but as the mean dosage in mg per tablet. Similarly, LSD ‘purity’ is the dosage in μg per blotter. Type of adulterants in online and offline samples were found to be similar. III Dose of ecstasy tablets from cryptomarkets (N=39) was analysed separately and compared with the offline samples: mean dose = 149 mg (p=.01). CI= confidence interval. Degrees of freedom t test was N-2.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Online drug markets flourish and consumers have high expectations of online quality and drug value. Convenience, anonymity, customer service, abundance of suppliers , larger diversity of products offered online, feedback system Perception of better online quality, but no clear evidence for this → Potentially harmful, since you do not know what you buy and consume Perception of lower online prices
- GDS: (self-reports, perceived purity) Energy control: hampering a direct comparison with local offline street-level markets, and some issues with representativeness
- ecstasy 1%, MDMA powder 2%, amphetamine 1%, cocaine 1%, LSD 5%, and 2C-B 6%) non-controlled drugs [4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) 32%; 5/6-APB 48%) or recently controlled drugs (methoxetamine (MXE) 54%]
- The proportion of adulterated samples purchased online and offline did not statistically significantly differ, except for 4-FA powders, less adulterated online. However, among cocaine and 2C-B powders large proportions of adulterated samples compared to ecstasy, MDMA, 4-FA, amphetamines, 5/6-APB, MXE. LSD: half unadulterated, other half no LSD but other psychoactive substances
- Drug prices were mostly higher online, ranging for various drugs from 10% to 23% higher than that of drugs purchased offline (for 6 out of 10 substances: p= <.05).
- Prices higher despite the prevailing perception of better online prices Proportion unadulterated samples NPS much higher than proportion controlled drugs, except for ecstasy tablets and LSD (difficult to adulterate after production). Delicate issue: potential side-effect of controlling substances is the creation of a more harmful market
- Prevention professionals and harm reduction NGO’s to expand territory to online market