AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

1. Introduction to Production and Resource Use Chapter 6

5. Production Function Output = f( labor | capital, land, and management) Start with one variable input Page 88

6. Production Function Output = f( labor | capital, land, and management) Start with one variable input assume all other inputs fixed at their current levels… Page 88

7. Coordinates of input and output on the TPP curve Page 89

8. Page 89 Total Physical Product (TPP) Curve Variable input

9. Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns “ As successive units of a variable input are added to a production process with the other inputs held constant, the marginal physical product (MPP) eventually declines ” Page 93

10. Other Physical Relationships The following derivations of the TPP curve play An important role in decision-making: Marginal Physical =  Output ÷  Input Product Page 90

11. Other Physical Relationships The following derivations of the TPP curve play An important role in decision-making: Marginal Physical =  Output ÷  Input Product Average Physical = Output ÷ Input Product Pages 90-91

12. Change in output as you increase inputs Page 89

13. Page 89 Total Physical Product (TPP) Curve  output  input Marginal physical product is .45 as labor is increased from 16 to 20 4.8 3

14. Page 89 Output per unit input use

15. Page 89 Total Physical Product (TPP) Curve output input Average physical product is .31 if labor use is 26

16. Plotting the MPP curve Page 91 Change in output associated with a change in inputs

17. Marginal Physcial Product Page 91 Change from point A to point B on the production function is an MPP of 0.33

18. Page 91 Plotting the APP Curve Level of output divided by the level of input use

19. Page 91 Average Physical Product Output divided by labor use is equal to 0.19

20. Page 91 Three Stages of Production Average physical product (yield) is increasing in Stage I

21. Page 91 Three Stages of Production Marginal physical product falls below the average physical product in Stage II

22. Page 91 Three Stages of Production MPP goes negative as shown on Page 89…

23. Page 91 Three Stages of Production Why are Stage I and Stage III irrational?

24. Page 114 Three Stages of Production Productivity rising so why stop??? Output falling

25. Three Stages of Production The question therefore is where should I operate in Stage II? Page 114

27. Key Cost Relationships The following cost derivations play a key role in decision-making: Marginal cost =  total cost ÷  output Page 94-96

28. Key Cost Relationships The following cost derivations play a key role in decision-making: Marginal cost =  total cost ÷  output Average variable = total variable cost ÷ output cost Page 94-96

29. Key Cost Relationships The following cost derivations play a key role in decision-making: Marginal cost =  total cost ÷  output Average variable = total variable cost ÷ output cost Average total = total cost ÷ output cost Page 94-96

30. From TPP curve on page 89 Page 94

31. Fixed costs are $100 no matter the level of production Page 94

32. Column (2) divided by column (1) Page 94

33. Page 94 Costs that vary with level of production

34. Page 94 Column (4) divided by column (1)

35. Page 94 Column (2) plus column (4)

36. Page 94 Change in column (6) associated with a change in column (1)

37. Page 94 Column (6) divided by column (1) or

38. Page 94 or column (3) plus column (5)

39. Let’s graph the cost series in this table

40. Plotted cost relationships from table 6.3 on page 94 Page 95 O SD O BE Plotting costs for levels of output

42. Now let’s assume this firm can sell its product for $45/unit

43. Key Revenue Concepts Notice the price in column (2) is identical to marginal revenue in column (7). What about average revenue, or AR? What do you see if you divide total revenue in column (3) by output in column (1)? Yes, $45. Thus, P = MR = AR under perfect competition. Page 98

44. Let’s see this in graphical form

45. Page 99 Profit maximizing level of output, where MR=MC P=MR=AR $45 11.2

46. Page 99 Average Profit = $17, or AR – ATC P=MR=AR $45-$28 $28

47. Grey area represents total economic profit if the price is $45… Page 99 P=MR=AR 11.2  ($45 - $28) = $190.40

48. Zero economic profit if price falls to P BE . Firm would only produce output O BE . AR-ATC=0 Page 99 P=MR=AR

49. Economic losses if price falls to P SD . Firm would shut down below output O SD Page 99 P=MR=AR

50. Where is the firm’s supply curve? Page 99 P=MR=AR

51. Page 99 P=MR=AR Marginal cost curve above AVC curve?

52. Key Revenue Concepts Page 98 The previous graph indicated that profit is maximized at 11.2 units of output, where MR ($45) equals MC ($45). This occurs between lines G and H on the table above, where at 11.2 units of output profit would be $190.40 . Let’s do the math….

53. Doing the math…. Produce 11.2 units of output (O MAX on p. 99) Price of product = $45.00 Total revenue = 11.2 × $45 = $504.00

54. Doing the math…. Produce 11.2 units of output Price of product = $45.00 Total revenue = 11.2 × $45 = $504.00 Average total cost at 11.2 units of output = $28 Total costs = 11.2 × $28 = $313.60 Profit = $504.00 – $313.60 = $190.40

55. Doing the math…. Produce 11.2 units of output Price of product = $45.00 Total revenue = 11.2 × $45 = $504.00 Average total cost at 11.2 units of output = $28 Total costs = 11.2 × $28 = $313.60 Profit = $504.00 – $313.60 = $190.40 Average profit = AR – ATC = $45 – $28 = $17 Profit = $17 × 11.2 = $190.40

56. Profit at Price of $45? 28 P =45 $ Q 11.2 MC ATC AVC Revenue = $45  11.2 = $504.00 Total cost = $28  11.2 = $313.60 Profit = $504.00 – $313.60 = $190.40 Since P = MR = AR Average profit = $45 – $28 = $17 Profit = $17  11.2 = $190.40

57. Profit at Price of $45? 28 P =45 $ Q 11.2 MC ATC AVC Revenue = $45  11.2 = $504.00 Total cost = $28  11.2 = $313.60 Profit = $504.00 – $313.60 = $190.40 Since P = MR = AR Average profit = $45 – $28 = $17 Profit = $17  11.2 = $190.40 $190.40

58. Price falls to $28.00…. Produce 10.3 units of output (O BE on p. 99) Price of product = $28.00 Total revenue = 10.3 × $28 = $288.40

59. Price falls to $28.00…. Produce 10.3 units of output Price of product = $28.00 Total revenue = 10.3 × $28 = $288.40 Average total cost at 10.3 units of output = $28 Total costs = 10.3 × $28 = $288.40 Profit = $288.40 – $288.40 = $0.00

60. Price falls to $28.00…. Produce 10.3 units of output Price of product = $28.00 Total revenue = 10.3 × $28 = $288.40 Average total cost at 10.3 units of output = $28 Total costs = 10.3 × $28 = $288.40 Profit = $288.40 – $288.40 = $0.00 Average profit = AR – ATC = $28 – $28 = $0 Profit = $0 × 10.3 = $0.00

61. Profit at Price of $28? P=28 45 $ Q 11.2 10.3 MC ATC AVC Revenue = $28  10.3 = $288.40 Total cost = $28  10.3 = $288.40 Profit = $288.40 – $288.40 = $0 Since P = MR = AR Average profit = $28 – $28 = $0 Profit = $0  10.3 = $0 (break even)

62. Price falls to $18.00…. Produce 8.6 units of output (O SD on p. 99) Price of product = $18.00 Total revenue = 8.6 × $18 = $154.80

63. Price falls to $18.00…. Produce 8.6 units of output Price of product = $18.00 Total revenue = 8.6 × $18 = $154.80 Average total cost at 8.6 units of output = $28 Total costs = 8.6 × $28 = $240.80 Profit = $154.80 – $240.80 = – $86.00

64. Price falls to $18.00…. Produce 8.6 units of output Price of product = $18.00 Total revenue = 8.6 × $18 = $154.80 Average total cost at 8.6 units of output = $28 Total costs = 8.6 × $28 = $240.80 Profit = $154.80 – $240.80 = – $86.00 Average profit = AR – ATC = $18 – $28 = – $10 Profit = – $10 × 8.6 = – $86.00

65. Profit at Price of $18? 28 P=18 45 $ Q 11.2 10.3 8.6 MC ATC AVC Revenue = $18  8.6 = $154.80 Total cost = $28  8.6 = $240.80 Profit = $154.80 – $240.80 = $0 Since P = MR = AR Average profit = $18 – $28 = – $10 Profit = – $10  8.6 = – $86 (Loss)

66. Price falls to $10.00…. Produce 7.0 units of output (below O SD on p. 99) Price of product = $10.00 Total revenue = 7.0 × $10 = $70.00

67. Price falls to $10.00…. Produce 7.0 units of output Price of product = $10.00 Total revenue = 7.0 × $10 = $70.00 Average total cost at 7.0 units of output = $28 Total costs = 7.0 × $28 = $196.00 Profit = $70.00 – $196.00 = – $126.00

68. Price falls to $10.00…. Produce 7.0 units of output Price of product = $10.00 Total revenue = 7.0 × $10 = $70.00 Average total cost at 7.0 units of output = $30 Total costs = 7.0 × $30 = $210.00 Profit = $70.00 – $210.00 = – $140.00 Average variable costs = $19 Total variable costs = $19 × 7.0 = $133.00 Revenue – variable costs = –$63.00 !!!!!

69. Profit at Price of $10? 28 P=10 18 45 $ Q 11.2 10.3 8.6 MC ATC AVC 7.0 Revenue = $10  7.0 = $70.00 Total cost = $30  7.0 = $210.00 Profit = $70.00 – $210.00 = $140.00 Since P = MR = AR Average profit = $10 – $30 = – $20 Profit = – $20  7.0 = – $140 Average variable cost = $19 Variable costs = $19  7.0 = $133.00 Revenue – variable costs = – $63 Not covering variable costs!!!!!!

70. The Firm’s Supply Curve 28 P=10 18 45 $ Q 11.2 10.3 8.6 MC ATC AVC 7.0

71. Now let’s look at the demand for a single input: Labor

72. Key Input Relationships The following input-related derivations also play a key role in decision-making: Marginal value = marginal physical product × price product Page 100

73. Key Input Relationships The following input-related derivations also play a key role in decision-making: Marginal value = marginal physical product × price product Marginal input = wage rate, rental rate, etc. cost Page 100

74. Page 101 5 B C D E F G H I J Wage rate represents the MIC for labor

75. Page 101 5 B C D E F G H I J Use a variable input like labor up to the point where the value received from the market equals the cost of another unit of input, or MVP=MIC

76. Page 101 5 The area below the green lined MVP curve and above the green lined MIC curve represents cumulative net benefit. B C D E F G H I J

77. Page 100 MVP = MPP × $45

78. Page 100 Profit maximized where MVP = MIC or where MVP =$5 and MIC = $5

79. Page 100 Marginal net benefit in column (5) is equal to MVP in column (3) minus MIC of labor in column (4) = –

80. Page 100 The cumulative net benefit in column (6) is equal to the sum of successive marginal net benefit in column (5)

81. Page 100 For example… $25.10 = $9.85 + $15.25 $58.35 = $25.10 + $33.25

82. Page 100 = – Cumulative net benefit is maximized where MVP=MIC at $5

83. Page 101 5 If you stopped at point E on the MVP curve, for example, you would be foregoing all of the potential profit lying to the right of that point up to where MVP=MIC. B C D E F G H I J

84. Page 101 5 If you went beyond the point where MVP=MIC, you begin incurring losses. B C D E F G H I J

85. A Final Thought One final relationship needs to be made. The level of profit-maximizing output ( O MAX ) in the graph on page 99 where MR = MC corresponds directly with the variable input level ( L MAX ) in the graph on page 101 where MVP = MIC . Going back to the production function on page 88, this means that: O MAX = f( L MAX | capital, land and management)

87. Chapter 7 focuses on the choice of inputs to use and products to produce ….