2. Concept and Variable
 Concept is an idea expressed in symbol or in
words
 Variable can be observed and measured
 What does this tell you?
 It will tell you whether your research will be
statistical (Theoretical framework) or conceptual
framework

3. Example
 Organizational Culture
 Concept
 Motivation
 Can be both?
 Exam Scores
 Variable
 Absenteeism
 Variable

4. Conceptual Framework
 It is like a mind map
 The description of each concept may not be
complete.
 The conceptual framework is often based on
qualitative research design such as
interviews, observations, and focus groups

5. Theoretical Framework
 Dependent Variable
 The variable of primary interest to the researcher. The
research’s goal is to understand and describe the
dependent variable
 Independent Variable
 This variable influences the dependent variable in
either a positive or a negative way. So when the
independent variable is present, the dependent
variable is also present
 Moderating Variable
 Is one that has a strong contingent effect on the
independent variable-dependent variable relationship
 Intervening variable

6. Research Design
 Purpose of Study
 Exploration
 Is undertaken when little is known about the situation or when
no information is available
 Usually use interviews and focus groups
 Description
 Is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the
characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation.
 Hypothesis-testing
 When you have all variables and information to find out your
hypothesis
 Case Study

7. Group Exercise
 Develop Framework for these questions
 What are the effects of gender stereotyping in
organization
 To what extent do male managers have more
power than female managers at the same rank?