3. LAZY LEUKOCYTE SYNDROME
(SCHWACHMAN SYNDROME)
Defect in neutrophil chemotaxis and deficient random mobility of
neutrophils
Blood Neutrophils cannot migrate at the site of tissue injury
Phagocytic and Bactericidal activities are normal
3
4. • In vivo study demonstrated that the abnormalities in migration are
intrinsic to the granulocyte
• Alteration in the structure or function of micro-filamentous proteinof
the granulocyte membrane
• Disorder of membrane leading to altered deformability
• Disordered function of the micro filamentous protein of the cell
membrane
• Excessive or undue rigidity of neutrophils
• Impaired mobility
• Failure of egress from the bone marrow
5. CLINICAL FEATURES
AGE
Complications occur at the age of 1-2 years due to infections
SYMPTOMS
Most common: Stomatitis, Otitis media and Bronchitis
RECURRENT INFECTIONS
High Chance of Recurrent Infections
5
7. DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
• Recurrent Infection, Periodontitis and Stomatitis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• TLC slightly low
• ANC as low as 100-200 cells/mm3
• Bone Marrow contains normal number of mature neutrophils
7
9. CHÉDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME
(BÉGUEZ CÉSAR SYNDROME, CHÉDIAK-STEINBRINCK-HIGASHI SYNDROME)
Described by Béguez Cesar (1943), Steinbrinck (1948), Chédiak (1952) and
Higashi (1954)
Congenital Autosomal Recessive Immunodeficient defect of Granulocytes and
Melanocytes
Abnormal granules are seen in all blood granulocytes resulting in decreased
chemotactic and bactericidal activity.
The condition usually results in death of childhood before the age of 10
Characterized by abnormal intracellular protein transport
LYST or CHS1 gene
9
10. CLINICAL FEATURES
Affects all races
Usually appears soon after birth or in children <5 years
Characterized by immune deficient state
Characteristic Clinical Feature:
Partial Oculocutaneous Albinism
(Silvery Hair Syndrome)
Recurrent Infections of Respiratory tract and Sinuses
Easy bruisability and bleeding
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Lymph Node enlargement (Cervical)
May be associated with Malignant Lymphoma
Progressive Neurological Dysfunction
10
12. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
GILLIG AND CALDWELL
Ulcerations of the Oral Mucosa
Severe Gingivitis and
Glossitis
HAMILTON AND GIANSANTI
Periodontitis (probably
related to defective leukocyte function)
12
13. DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
• Albinism
• Recurrent Infection
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Oral Ulcerations and
• Periodontitis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• Hematological studies show presence of giant abnormal granules in the peripheral
circulating leukocytes, in their marrow precursors and in many other cells of the body.
• These granules are the hallmark of the syndrome.
• Thought to represent abnormal lysosomes
13
14. MANAGEMENT
No specific treatment
Often fatal
Death occurring before child reaches 10
Antibiotics and drugs like Vincristine, Prednisolone and Ascorbic acid
have been tried for the treatment
14
15. INFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS(GLANDULAR FEVER)
• Also known as EBV infectious mononucleosis/ Pfeiffer's disease / Filatov's
disease
• Caused by Epstein Barr virus
• Drusenfieber (1889)
• First described by Sprunt and Evans in the John Hopkins Medical Bulletin(1920)
15
16. • Is transmitted by intimate contact with body secretions, primarily oro-
pharyngeal secretions and through deep kissing or intimate oral
exchange of saliva – so called as “kissing disease”.
17. CLINICAL FEATURES
Chiefly in Children and young adults
15-20 year age group
No sex or seasonal predilection
Most patients can be asymptomatic
Clinical syndrome consists of:
Fever
Pharyngitis
Adenopathy
Tonsillitis, Headache, Chills, Cough, Nausea or Vomiting
Splenomegaly and Hepatitis
Enlargement of Cervical lymph node followed by the nodes of Axilla and Groin.
17
19. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
FRASER AND MOODIE
• Acute gingivitis and stomatitis
• Appearance of white or gray membrane in various areas.
• Petechial hemorrhage of soft palate and occasional oral ulcers
• Edema of soft palate and uvula
SHIVER AND ET. AL. ( Emphasized on the petechial
COURANT AND SOBKOV hemorrhage of soft palate near the junction of hard palate
SCHUMACHER AND BARCAY an early diagnostic sign)
19
21. Laboratory Findings
• Atypical lymphocytes in the circulating blood,antibodies to EBV and
increased heterophil antibody titre
• Positive Paul-Bunnell test(pathognomic and characteristic)
• Monospot test(highly specific test)
23. LEUKEMIA
Disease characterized by the progressive over production of WBCs which
usually appear in the circulating blood in an immature form
Considered true malignant neoplasm(uncoordinated and independent
proliferation of WBC cells or their precursors)
Classified based on Clinical Behavior (Acute, Subacute or Chronic) and the
primary hematopoietic cell line affected (Myeloid or Lymphoid)
Acute: Survival less than 6 months
Chronic: Survival of over 1 year
Subacute: Survival duration lies between 6-12 months
23
24. Classification of leukemias
Two major types (4 subtypes) of leukemias
Acute leukemias
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
(also "myeloid" or "nonlymphocytic")
Chronic leukemias
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
(Within these main categories, there are typically
several subcategories)
25. Acute vs. chronic leukemia
• Acute leukemias:
• Young, immature, blast cells in the bone marrow
(and often blood)
• More fulminant presentation
• More aggressive course
• Occurs more commonly in children and young adults
• Chronic leukemias:
• Accumulation of mature, differentiated cells
• Often subclinical or incidental presentation
• In general, more indolent (slow) course
• Frequently splenomegaly
• Mature appearing cells in the B. marrow and blood
• Occurs in adults of middle age or older
26. Phladiphia chromosome
Philadelphia chromosome is an acquired cytological
abnormality in the leukemia cells in CML
• Present in >80% of those with CML. It is a hybrid
chromosome comprising reciprocal translocation
between the long arm of chromosome 9 and the long
arm of chromosome 22—t(9;22) forming a fusion
gene BCR/ABLon chromosome 22, which has
tyrosine kinase activity
27.
28.
29. Distinguishing AML from ALL
• light microscopy
• AML: Auer rods, cytoplasmic granules
• ALL: no Auer rods or granules.
• flow cytometry
• special stains (cytochemistry) i.e
• AML:MPO +ve,SBB +VE,NSE +VE in M4,M5,M7,FINE PAS +VE IN
M6,M7
• ALL:BLOCK PAS +VE,ACID PHOSPHATASE +VE in T ALL
31. ETIOLOGY
Viruses:
Epstein Barr Virus, Herpes Virus and Human T-leukemia virus
Radiation and Atomic Energy:
When exposure is over the dose of 100 rads
Chemical agents:
Chronic exposure to aniline dyes, benzene and Phenylbutazone
Anti-cancer drugs like Melphalan and Cholorambucil have an increased risk of
developing leukemia especially Myelocytic variety.
31
32. ACUTE LYMPOID LEUKEMIA
• Affects the children younger
than 15 years of age.
• Due to defect in lymphoid
cells differentiation.
• More common in whites
than non whites.
• M>F
• Do not have
myeloperoxidase positive
granules.
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
• Affects between the
age of 15 to 39 years.
• Due to defect in
myeloid cells
differentiation.
• No such association.
• Have
myeloperoxidase
positive granules
along with auer rods.
32
34. CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA
• Malignancy involving
myelocytes
• Associated with
chromosomal
abnormalities ie.
Philadelphia
chromosome.
• Occurs between the age
of 30 to 60 years.
• Complete series of cells
including myeloblast,
promyelocyte,
metamyelocyte and
band cells are seen in
peripheral smear.
CHRONIC LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA
• Malignancy
involving
lymphocytes.
• No such association.
• M>F
• Occurs in the
patients above 45
years of age.
• Smudge cells are
the characteristic
feature.
34
36. CLINICAL FEATURES
Acute leukemia
• Abrupt stormy in onset
with pyrexia
• Weakness, fever,
headache, generalized
swelling of lymph node
• Petechial or ecchymotic
hemorrhages of skin
and mucous membrane
• Spleen, liver, kidney
enlarged
Chronic leukemia
• Insidious in onset
• Patient appears healthy
or may exhibit features
such as: anemic pallor
and emaciation
• Lymph node enlargement
is common in CLL than in
CML
• Enlargement of salivary
gland and tonsils
resulting in Xerostomia
• Petechiae / Ecchymoses
leading to nodular
lesions–skin
36
37. LABORATORY FINDINGS
Acute leukemia
• Anemia and
thrombocytopenia
• Bleeding and
clotting time are
prolonged.
• The leukocyte
count rises in
terminal stage to
1,00,000/mm3.
Chronic leukemia
• Anemia and
thrombocytopenia.
• Leukocytosis upto
5,00,000/mm3 and
a very low white
blood cells are also
reported
37
38. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
Oral lesions occur in both Acute and Chronic forms
80% of affected patient exhibit Gingival Hyperplasia in Acute Monocytic Leukemia
Gingivitis, hemorrhage, petechiae and ulceration of the mucosa
Gingivae are boggy, edematous and deep red
Gingivae bleed easily
38
40. Purpuric lesions of the oral mucosa seen
Rapid loosening of the teeth seen (due to necrosis of PDL)
Destruction of alveolar bone
Osseous changes in the jaw including alterations in developing tooth crypts, destruction of Lamina Dura,
displacement of teeth
40
45. TREATMENT
• According to type of leukemia
• Treatment consists of supportive care, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Corticosteroid therapy or Bone
marrow transplantation
• Chemotherapy includes three phases:
• Induction
• Consolidation
• Maintenance
45
46. Leukemoid Reaction
• A leukemoid reaction describes a high
WBC count with neutrophilia,usually in
response to infection.
• The WBC count may be as high as 50,000
/microL and can easily mimic CML or
AML.
47. Features Suggesting Leukemoid Reaction
• Toxic granulation.
• High Neutrophil Alkaline Phosthotase (NAP) score.
• Presence of an obvious cause for the
neutrophilia.
48. TUMORS OF LYMPHOID TISSUE
TWO TYPES:
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
48
49. HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
• Lymphoproliferative disorders arising from lymph nodes and
from lymph components of various organs
• First described by British pathologist, Thomas Hodgkin in 1932
• Characterized by painless enlargement of lymphoid tissue
throughout the body
• Exact cause unknown
49
50. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Incidence:
Primary jaw lesion are uncommon
• Secondary effect:
Seen in oral cavity in the form of
infection due to reduced host immune
response
• Appearance:
Appear in the oral cavity as an ulcer
or a swelling or as an intra – bony lesion
50
51. DIAGNOSIS
• CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS
Rubbery consistency of the enlarged
lymph node
• LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Differentiated from Non-Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma by the presence of cell known as Reed-
Stenberg Cells
51
52. NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
• Also called ‘LYMPHOSARCOMA’
• Neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells, usually affecting B-
lymphocytes
• Involves not only the lymph nodes but also bone marrow, spleen and
other tissues
• Early involvement of bone marrow is typical of this lymphoma
52
53. ORAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Site:
• Occurrence in oral cavity is rare; Found in tonsils, palate, buccal mucosa and gingiva
• Appearance:
• Palatal lesion are slow growing, painless, bluish soft tissue mass; often confused with minor salivary gland
• Symptoms:
• Paresthesia of MENTAL NERVE
• Pain and neuralgia of 2nd and 3rd division of Vth cranial nerve
• Signs:
• Necrotic proliferation, ulceration and discolouration of Palate
53
56. HL NHL
1. A relatively homogeneous
disease process
2. Neoplastic cells are only
< 1% of the total cell
population in the lesion -
rest are reactive normal
cells.
3. LOCALIZED to start with
– CONTIGUOUS spread
from one nodal region to
another.
1. Extremely heterogeneous
2. With very rare exception,
neoplastic cells are always
the predominant cell
population often up to
100%.
3. SYSTEMIC to start with –
NON-contiguous spread.
57. HL NHL
4. Rare extra-nodal
involvement.
5. Rare GI / Waldeyer’s
involvement.
6. BM involvement –
significant therapeutic
importance.
7. Associated with T-cell
mediated immune
deficiency – mycobacteria,
fungal, viral, protozoal
infections.
8. Always treated – localized
cases may receive only RT.
4. Relatively common.
5. Relatively common.
6. Not significant in many
cases.
7. Associated with humoral
immune deficiency –
bacterial infections.
8. Indolent cases may remain
untreated for years – when
treated, it is systemic CT –
RT only adjunctive.