How has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act changed the responsibilities for audito.docx

•Als DOCX, PDF herunterladen•

0 gefällt mir•3 views

How has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act changed the responsibilities for auditors as they relate to the Board of Directors? Solution Hi, Please find the correct answer as follows: An act passed by U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandated strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and prevent accounting fraud. SOX was enacted in response to the accounting scandals in the early 2000s. Scandals such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom shook investor confidence in financial statements and required an overhaul of regulatory standards. The rules and enforcement policies outlined by the SOX Act amend or supplement existing legislation dealing with security regulations. The two key provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are: 1. Section 302: A mandate that requires senior management to certify the accuracy of the reported financial statement 2. Section 404: A requirement that management and auditors establish internal controls and reporting methods on the adequacy of those controls. Section 404 had very costly implications for publicly traded companies as it is expensive to establish and maintain the required internal controls Refrences: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sarbanesoxleyact.asp .

Bildung

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Ähnlich wie How has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act changed the responsibilities for audito.docx

How financial reporting for public companies has changed since the Enron scandal in 2001. Solution Enron Scandal 2001 Enron a global Gas and Energy company incorporated in Omaha Nebraska and once distinguished as the Nation’s 7th largest company. Listed on Forbs Fortune 500 as being among the wealthiest companies listed on the stock exchange. Through this accumulation of “wealth” Enron at one point held a robust market valuation, which was higher other large global companies like AT&T. Many would call Enron a company that was “too big to fail”; this was due to the company’s reported revenue milestone accomplishment of 100 billion dollars. But what made the Enron scandal so compelling was the fact that it brought down accounting giant Arthur Andersen too. It was a truly amazing situation, a conflation of corporate wrongdoing which would change the accounting world forever. Changes In Financial Reporting and Other Changes due to Enron Scandal 2001 SOX includes several gatekeeper provisions: Requiring a company’s board of directors to have an Audit Committee composed solely of independent directors. Making the Audit Committee responsible for the appointment, compensation, and oversight of the outside auditor and for establishing procedures for the confidential, anonymous submission by company employees of concerns about accounting or auditing practices. Creating a new agency, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), to strengthen the outside audit function. The PCAOB sets standards involving auditing, quality control, ethics, and audit reports and has authority to inspect, investigate, and discipline registered public accounting firms. Requiring attorneys who practice before the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to report material violations of the securities laws to a company’s chief legal officer or chief executive officer. If those officers do not respond in an appropriate manner, the attorney is then required to report the violations to the Audit Committee of the board or to another committee composed solely of independent directors. Enhance Regulatory Protections Federal and state securities regulators and self-regulatory organizations play an important and necessary role in corporate governance. They wield a broad and powerful array of sanctions, and their enforcement actions serve as a strong deterrent against wrongdoing. The SEC’s enforcement priorities, reflected in public speeches by its Commissioners and staff, help shape corporate conduct. Increase in Regulations after Sarbanes Oxley The Sarbanes-Oxley Act initiated stringent regulations. The Act was composed of sixty-six sections, some long and others short. Each section dealt with a different part of the reporting cycle (Schaeffer, 2006). These sections are contained within eleven titles, primarily dealing with the issue of internal control. The eleven titles of SOX are as follows: Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, auditor independence, corporate respo.

How financial reporting for public companies has changed since the E.pdf

pristiegee

Analysis Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Jessica Cannella

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Analysis ACC 628 Week IP

Michael Jones

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Essays

Sarbanes oxley act

Chicago essay format

Sarbanes-Oxley act

The Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )

Tammy Moncrief

65 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/jcaf.20691 fea t u re artic le George Nogler and Inwon Jang Y ears after its adoption, the Sar- banes-Oxley Act continues to generate controversy. Initially dividing the audit profession into registered firms and unregistered firms, the Act forced firms to either come under the purview of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) or cease doing public company audits. The recent implementation of the requirement that auditors of private broker-dealers also be PCAOB-registered has also caused some firms to withdraw from this area of practice. The private broker-dealer rule, long suspended by the SEC, came into sharp focus after the Madoff Ponzi scheme came unraveled. Many firms also found a lucra- tive niche in performing some of the internal review functions for- bidden to the public company’s auditor under Section 201. IMPLEMENTING SECTION 404 On October 2, 2009, the Securities and Exchange Com- mission announced that the extensions granted on implementing Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404—Assessment of Internal Controls to small public filers, those with a public float (market capitalization) below $75 mil- lion, would expire June 15, 2010. This represented the final stage in full implementation of Sec- tion 404. Congressional action to exempt small public filers was incorporated in the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act which passed in July 2010. In June 2010, the Supreme Court ruled on a case challenging the constitutionality of aspects of the Act, specifically the legality of the PCAOB itself (Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Account- ing Oversight Board, 08-861). The Supreme Court upheld the Act and the PCAOB’s authority, with the technical exception that the Court ruled that the provision calling for removal of members by the SEC only for good cause was inconsistent with the separation of powers of the Constitu- tion and substituted removal at the discretion of the SEC at will. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was passed in the aftermath of the bankruptcy of Enron in December 2001. The act passed within two weeks of the bankruptcy of WorldCom, an even larger bankruptcy. Both of these bankruptcies were attended by allegations of financial fraud. The perception that corporate financial statements could not be trusted due to pervasive fraudulent financial reporting provided much of the impetus for the pas- sage of this act. The intent of Congress in passing the act was to restore confidence in the American capital markets system. The Does the level of discovered fraud in publicly traded companies justify the “one-size-fits-all” philosophy of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act? Especially considering the costs to implement Section 404? We know that Congress has made attempts to exempt firms with market capitalization bel.

65© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Published online in Wile.docx

evonnehoggarth79783

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (by Naira Matevosyan)

Naira R. Matevosyan, MD, MSJ, PhD

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act at 15 (EY Publication)

Azhar Qureshi

please explain in detail What is the PCAOB? Please explain what is the law, a describiton of the law. Solution Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has been established as a part of the Sarbanes and Oxley Act , 2002 with a view to protect investors interest in public companies through a oversight over companies accounting and auditing practices. PCAOB is mainly focused on implementing effective auditing practices, improving audit quality and maintain public trust in the financial and auditing reports. The Sarbanes and Oxley Act 2002, passed after major financial crimes such as Enron is a United States Federal Law. It has eleven titles and establishes corporate accountability and civil and criminal liabilities for white collar crimes. Title 1 contains provisions of the Public Company Accounting Oversight board. Some of the major provisions of the Act are : (i) It requires public companies to evaluate and disclose the functioning of internal controls and independent auditors have to agree to such disclosure. (ii) Financial reports are to be certified by the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Executive Officer. (iii) Auditor independence , and outrightly prohibits any non audit work which can be carried out by an independent auditor. (iv) Prohibits personal loans to directors of the companies (v) Accelerated reporting of insider trading (vi) It also requires public companies to have an indepedent audit committee to oversee the relationship between auditor and the company (vii) Enhanced criminal and civil liabilities for any violations.

please explain in detail What is the PCAOB Please explain what is t.pdf

mohdjakirfb

Pcob Section 101

Erin Torres

Team1 so xpresentation

bobbyreeder

The Sarbanes-Oxlet act (SOX) was primarily enacted following the Enron and other scandals. It basically sought to remove the compliance and audit gaps that may lead to the same kind or scandals in future. This is considering the fact that these scandals lead to losses worth trillion dollars to the investors and the general public and hurts the image of corporates and government identically. The SOX was enacted for US corporations and sought to tighten accounting, financial reporting and audit practices to strengthen the basic foundations that may lead to humongous consequences. However the basic difference was that this act only was implemented to the corporations and management alike. The following were the major points which impacted corporations financial reports in a way that set a benchmark for all future compliances: This was basically set up to oversee the funtioning of independent audit firms which do compliance and financial audit for the specific companies. It was taken care that there the auditors be registered and there be specific set and defined processes which should be followed. All systems for process, compliance, quality control etc. were put in place to prevent any further slippage and mistake. This takes care of the utmost factor of independence of the audit firms. It seeks to minimize the conflict of interest that may arise in the event that a particular audit firm auditing the company is already providing some said non-audit service to the company. This is taken care of by this provision. This basically takes care of micro-reporting of sorts. There are enhanced reporting of all financial transactions i.e. off-balance-sheet transactions, any stock transactions of corporate management etc. The point also mandates strict internal controls for disclosures, and accuracy of the financial reports. It specifies audit controls and enhanced reviews by the SEC or its agents. This includes measures related to help and restore investor confidence. This paves way for investor confidence in reporting of securities analyst. This also mandates disclosures of conflict of interests is any and code of conduct for these analysts. This consists of sections which require the SEC with the Comptroller General to report specific findings. These reports include the effect of credit rating agencies, whether there are any securities violations, and whether any investment banks assist the companeis to manipulate financials. ALso reporting related to effects of consolidation of public accounting firms are provided in this. This seeks to provide whistle-blower protection for any information that they reveal. It mandates penalties i.e. criminal in sense, for alteration and manipulation of financial records. This is expecially a step ahead of point 8 in terms of the penalties. It recommends stronger and stricter sentences and implies that any failure to properly certify financial reports is a crimilThis section increases the criminal penalties associated.

The Sarbanes-Oxlet act (SOX) was primarily enacted following the Enr.pdf

nipuns1983

Ähnlich wie How has the Sarbanes-Oxley Act changed the responsibilities for audito.docx (15)

How financial reporting for public companies has changed since the E.pdf

Analysis Of The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Analysis ACC 628 Week IP

Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Essays

Sarbanes oxley act

Chicago essay format

Sarbanes-Oxley act

The Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox )

Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (by Naira Matevosyan)

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act at 15 (EY Publication)

please explain in detail What is the PCAOB Please explain what is t.pdf

Pcob Section 101

Team1 so xpresentation

The Sarbanes-Oxlet act (SOX) was primarily enacted following the Enr.pdf

Mehr von cliftonl1

How many dance steps would the square have?and,Construct a multiplication table of all of the squre\'s dance stepes.this group is referred to as D4 pleaseÂ Â do the construct Solution Main types of square dances: US and Canada 1.Traditional square dance 2.Modern Western square dance (MWSD) England 1.Playford 2.Folk dance 3.Ceilidhs Ireland 1.ceili 2.set dancing Scotland 1.scottish country dance While the standard formation for a square dance is four couples in a square, there are many variations on the theme. These dances show some examples: >Ninepins: a square with one extra person in the middle >Winter Solstice: a square with one extra couple in the middle >Hexitation: a square with two couples in each of the Head positions. >Twelve Reel: a square with three people on each side, normally a man with a lady on either side of him. Modern choreography also includes dances which morph from one form to another. There are contra dances and four couple longways sets which turn into a square dance part of the way through the dance and then back to the original formation. Grid Squares are dances where the squares are arranged in a grid, sets carefully aligned across the room and up and down the room. The calls move dancers from one square to another in intricate patterns. .

How many dance steps would the square have-and-Construct a multiplicat.docx

cliftonl1

How has the physician-patient relationship changed over the past century? Are the changes good or bad for the delivery of quality healthcare? Solution How has the physician-patient relationship changed over the past century? Rationing occurs when the physician decreases time spent with a patient, when decisions are made on withholding life support in terminal cases, and with regard to the availability of specialized equipment and specialized physicians. Are the changes good or bad for the delivery of quality healthcare? these are good because maximize savings, managed care has added new forms of rationing: rationing by delay, rationing by denial, and rationing by dilution .

How has the physician-patient relationship changed over the past centu.docx

cliftonl1

How is treasury stock shown on the balance sheet- Treasury stock is no.docx

cliftonl1

How is repetition of components different from redundancy? How are the design principles of redundancy and simplicity related to one another and the concept of dependencies? Solution As nouns the difference between repetition and redundancy is that repetition is the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated while redundancy is the state of being redundant; a superfluity; something redundant or excessive; a needless repetition in language; excessive wordiness. Simplicity â€“ not so much as the opposite principle to complexity, but rather the characteristic of a simplicity of operation and design so that the system\'s performance and interaction with other related system elements can be easily understood; Redundancy â€“ the system, or parts of it, should be designed so that it can be backed-up by other redundant parts, or have its parts/modules easily replaced by cannibalising less important parts of the same or other systems to keep it functioning; .

How is repetition of components different from redundancy- How are the.docx

cliftonl1

How is communication a part of best practices? Solution 4 Leadership Best Practices for Increasing Engagement Through Communications 1. Encourage Employees to Be Vocal One best practice managers can utilize to enhance communication involves encouraging employees to be vocal. Leaders should make themselves available to employees. When dialogue occurs between supervisors and their team members, active listening should be the norm. Encourage employees to ask questions and get clarification for anything they do not understand. When employees realize managers want to talk to them and answer questions, they will be more willing to ask. Misunderstandings will decrease, and Engagement will rise. Managers should consider how to present each of their messages in the most clear, informative, and interesting way, thus encouraging employees to listen. Information and updates will be more valuable when presented frequently and concisely, such as after staff meetings. With constant communication, employees will not be overwhelmed by a sudden influx of new information, and will be better able to understand the messages presented. Regular meetings and check-ins should be established as well to keep the dialogue flowing. 2. Promote Honesty & Accountability Another best practice to enhance Communication includes being honest and accountable. Managers and leadership should make sure they are always truthful when speaking with employees. They should hold themselves responsible for promises made. Do not make promises that cannot be kept. If an issue arises preventing execution, inform employees as soon as possible, and present an alternative to resolve this issue. Otherwise, employees .

How is communication a part of best practices-Solution4 Leadership Bes.docx

cliftonl1

How does the National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics promote safety, health and welfare to the public? (2 - 3 paragraphs) Solution Preamble Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. I. Fundamental Canons Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall: Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. Perform services only in areas of their competence. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. Avoid deceptive acts. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. II. Rules of Practice Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. much more ate web page III. Professional Obligations .

How does the National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Ethics.docx

cliftonl1

how does cinchona catalyst work Solution Catalyst working: 1) Catalyst increase the rate of reaction 2) To turn reactants into products activation energy is required. 3) If molecules do no posses enough energy when they collide they will not react. 4) A catalyst provides an alternative route for the reaction to take place with a lower activation energy. Cinchonine find their main application in the field of organic chemistry in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds, where quinine and quinidine are also widely used. As chiral bases, they have been employed as resolving agents for acids through preparation and subsequent separation of diastereomeric salts, in chiral chromatography and as chiral ligands for asymmetric synthesis.Cinchona alkaloids have been described as â€œprivileged chiral ligands and catalystsâ€ with the presence of the basic tertiary quinuclidine nitrogen the key to their synthetic utility. 1) Cinchona Alkaloids Are Versatile Catalysts.These are just a few of the reactions that can be performed asymmetrically. 2) Cinchona Alkaloids have been explored in asymmetric synthesis 3) Cinchona Alkaloids as Phase Transfer Catalysts(PTC) .

how does cinchona catalyst workSolutionCatalyst working- 1) Catalyst i.docx

cliftonl1

How does the evolution of attack tools affect existing systems? What steps should an organization take to remain vigilant of these new methods for compromising systems?Â Â Â (Cybersecurity) Solution Answer:- On securing information , there are tools and techniques .Tools effectively seek to mitigate outdated barriers to sensitive administrative data in an effort to compromise trade secrets ,private information and other intellectual property .Moreover,it is important that the organization remain aware of the everchange threats that emerge on an almost immediate basis . this is especially true when conducting periodic system reviews and final system reviews, desingers can then address and install new security guidelines for the different software components that may be particularly vulnerable to new threats .Mapping the security of the system through devlopment , analyzing and documenting zero day attacks and encompassing such attacks in your red teams attack map for penetration testing some of the steps an organization can take in ensuring a secure software system . keeping up to date with the latest attack tools and utilizing these tools to continuously test the security posture of the software system allow organization .

How does the evolution of attack tools affect existing systems- What s.docx

cliftonl1

How do you think the DATA Act will impact governmental entities and stakeholders? I\'m not looking for political arguments. Solution By replacing inaccessible documents with standardized, searchable data--freely accessible to all--the DATA Act will create better accountability for taxpayers and citizens; improve federal management by illuminating waste and fraud; and reduce compliance costs by automating the creation of reports by grantees and contractors. Better accountability . Once federal financial statements, budget actions, grant reports, and contract reports are available as open data, rather than trapped in inaccessible documents, tech companies will be able to make the data fully searchable for citizens, taxpayers, and companies More effective federal management . Government-wide data standards for spending will allow Big Data analytics to illuminate waste and fraud. Coaltion members showed how at the DATA Demo Day on Capitol Hill in May 2013. Automated compliance . When federal agencies begin collecting grant and contract reports as standardized data instead of as documents, solutions like Parrascope and AmpliFund will help grantees and contractors comply with existing reporting requirements more cheaply than they can today. .

How do you think the DATA Act will impact governmental entities and st.docx

cliftonl1

How do I determine the Rf Value with just the information I have provided? As for the Ion, are they looking for a poistive or negative answer? Rf= distance traveled by component/distance traveled by the solvent I just took a piece out of my homework so I can complete the rest Hopefully I will learn and then know what I am doing. Results Data Table for Unknown A Distance Solvent Traveled (cm) 7.0 Spot Color Distance Traveled (cm) 1.3 *Rf Calculated lon Present Unknown A Component 1 Unknown A Component 2 Brown with light spots Brown with light spots 4.6 4.9 Unknown A Component 3 Brown with light spots Solution For unknown A component 1: R f = (1.3 cm) / (7.0 cm) = 0.186 or 0.19 For unknown A component 2: R f = (4.6 cm) / (7.0 cm) = 0.657 or 0.66 For unknown A component 3: R f = (4.9 cm) / (7.0 cm) = 0.7 For the \'ion present\' column, it is being asked what ion is present in the unknown A which is determined by referencing to the R f values of the known compound and it\'s components. For example, first you are given a known compound having a ion (say given compound is NaCl which we know it contains Na + ions). Now paper chromatography for NaCl is done and R f values are calculated & noted for Na + ion. Now in second experiment you are given an unknown compound and you perform the paper chromatography and calculate the R f values. If R f value of Na + (from first experiment of known) matches with the R f value of unknown (from second experiment) then we can say that unknown compound contains Na + . This Na + is the ion which is being asked as \'ion present\'. .

How do I determine the Rf Value with just the information I have provi.docx

cliftonl1

How do I print a list of payroll checks for the calendar year to date sorted by net pay from largest to smallest. The list should include the following columns from left to right: employee name (Employee), net pay (Amount), date, and paid through. Please explain the steps my textbook doesn\'t explain how to do this and it\'s really frustrating. Solution 1. Gather employee wage information. Make sure it includes all wages, tips and compensation in the pay period. 2. Check to ensure that you have W-4 information for each employee to determine their marital status and withholdings. This will determine their tax liability for Federal Income Tax. 3. Calculate employee\'s gross pay from employment agreement or time sheet. Include tips, commission and overtime, if applicable. 4. Determine withholding amount for Federal Income Tax. Go to the IRS Publication 15 (Circular E). Choose either the Percentage Method or the Wage Bracket Method and use the appropriate chart. 5. Calculate employee amounts for Social Security Taxes. 6.Calculate employee contributions for Medicare Tax. 7.Determine state and local tax liabilities based on your locality. 8.Deduct additional employee items such as retirement and savings plans, health insurance, charitable contributions or garnishments. 9.Process payroll manually or through your selected system. .

How do I print a list of payroll checks for the calendar year to date.docx

cliftonl1

How does SO 2 in the atmosphere affect global warming?Â Â Â In general, what are the consequences of SO 2 in the atmosphere? (This should be current (no older than 5 yrs. old) since our understanding has improved in the last 5 yrs. or so. In discussing general consequences, please make sure to include acid rain and an explanation of what it is.) Solution Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is a colourless gas with a sharp, irritating odour. It is produced by burning fossil fuels and by the smelting of mineral ores that contain sulfur. However, SO2 oxidizes to H2SO4, which gets involved with aqueous chemistry and often leads to sulfate (SO4). Sulfate is an aerosol that will reflect sunlight (like many aerosols) and block energy input to the Earth. If you increase the amount of sunlight being reflected back to space (reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed by the surface of the Earth), there is a net cooling affect. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind. As a result, the two compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we experience on certain days. .

How does SO2 in the atmosphere affect global warming- In general- what.docx

cliftonl1

How does an awareness of the historical link between the United States and China help explain the current relationship between the two countries? (Please do not copy/paste irrelevant information, I will report it) Solution Answer The us and china historical link helped in many ways like laws in both countries passed after taking into consideration the effectiveness of laws in one another country. The foundation of US and China relationship is based on Trade, Faith and Freedom which can be demonstrated with help of below examples: 1 . Americans have been interested in China for a long time. In 1784, when the American War for Independence was barely over, the first ship to sail under an American flag left New York. It was the merchant ship Empress of China , bound for Canton (now Guangdong), China. At first, the American interest in China was economic. Americans were looking for new markets to buy goods, as the British refused to deal with Americans. And the Chinese preferred to work with Americans, who bought Chinese goods. The Europeans only wanted to sell them things. By the middle of the 19th century, though, the relationship had grown. American churches led the way, seeking converts to Christianity among China .

How does an awareness of the historical link between the United States.docx

cliftonl1

How do you utilize PM software to manage team activities? Solution Project Management is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems. A project is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables),undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations), [4] which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goalsand objectives while honoring the preconceived constraints. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget. The secondary .

How do you utilize PM software to manage team activities-SolutionProje.docx

cliftonl1

how do the different architectures of a polymer affect their properties? Solution Polymers are affected by molecular weight and crystallinity. Linear polymers - single chains, flexible , van der Waals between molecules. Branched polymers - side branches , packing is less efficient, lower density,less crystalline than linear. Branching also affects chain entanglement, the ability of chains to slide past one another, in turn affecting the bulk physical properties. Long chain branches may increase polymer strength, toughness, and the glass transition temperature (T g ) due to an increase in the number of entanglements per chain. From an adsorption point-of-view, the bottle-brush homopolymers have the ability to attach to the surface through both side chain and backbone segments. If adsorption occurs through the attachment of the side chains on the surface, then the polymer attains a flat conformation at the interface since the gain in adsorption energy increases with the number of contact points between the side chain segments and the surface Dendrimers are a special case of branched polymer where every monomer unit is also a branch point. This tends to reduce intermolecular chain entanglement and crystallization. A related architecture, the dendritic polymer, are not perfectly branched but share similar properties to dendrimers due to their high degree of branching. .

how do the different architectures of a polymer affect their propertie.docx

cliftonl1

How do phospholipid bilayers maintain specific concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell? a. The interior of the bilayer is packed too tightly for any molecule to pass through b. The interior of the bilayer is too hydrophobic for charged or polar groups to pass The interior of the bilayer is solid-like preventing anything from passing through The exterior of the bilayer is too charged for any solute to get close The exterior of the bilayer is too hydrophobic for any charged or polar group to get close c. d. e. Solution The phospholipids in the plasma membranes are arranged in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer. Each phospholipid molecule has a head and two tails. The head is hydrophilic, that is, it loves water and points outward. The tails are hydrophobic and these water hating tails are on the interior of the membrane. Molecules that are hydrophobic can easily pass through the plasma membrane because they are water hating like the interior of the cell. Charged or polar groups acts as hydrophilic substances so they do not pass through the plasma membrane because they are water loving like the exterior of the membrane. So they are excluded from the interior of the membrane. So option (b) is correct . .

How do phospholipid bilayers maintain specific concentrations of solut.docx

cliftonl1

how would a police department exhibit different structure and procedures under the crime control model than it would under the due process model? Solution Two models of crime: the due process model and the crime control model posses their own advantages and disadvantages Due process model provides an each and every people have equal rights and they cannot be underprivileged of life, liberty, or property without proper legal procedures. When people are arrested due to a crime then also they have their own rights such that they does not harm anyone and it is facilitated by Due process model. There are various dissimilarities in-between the due process model and the crime control model: The due process model thinks that people who are arrested by means of any event there ma be a chance that particular person doesnot do it anything and somebody involve him in this case. So he will be protected until it was proven and statement should be given by the court. Where as the Crime Control Model Process states tha the person who was arrested is right person who has done all those crimes so that particular person must be punished accordingly with respect to the safty of the remaining public. Crime control system believes that if it had done by maintaining the Due process it will take long l But the due process has equal rights to all the people because in some situations the people who did not do the crime also has a chance that somebody involve them into this crime. So we have to give chance to prove themselves that they are not accused so generally the court fallowes the due process model that says that every one are equal before the law. .

how would a police department exhibit different structure and procedur.docx

cliftonl1

How will you close your knowledge gap, Is your mind geared to re-think what you think you know? Solution The knowledge gap theory was first proposed by Tichenor, Donohue and Olien at the University of Minnesota in the 70s. They believe that the increase of information in society is not evenly acquired by every member of society: people with higher socioeconomic status tend to have better ability to acquire information (Weng, S.C. 2000). This leads to a division of two groups: a group of better-educated people who know more about most things, and those with low education who know less. Lower socio-economic status (SES) people, defined partly by educational level, have little or no knowledge about public affairs issues, are disconnected from news events and important new discoveries, and usually arenâ€™t concerned about their lack of knowledge. Core Assumptions and Statements The knowledge gap can result in an increased gap between people of lower and higher socioeconomic status. The attempt to improve peopleâ€™s life with information via the mass media might not always work the way this is planned. Mass media might have the effect of increasing the difference gap between members of social classes. .

How will you close your knowledge gap- Is your mind geared to re-think.docx

cliftonl1

How to do web application testing on a website checking it\'s (Functionality, Interface Usability, Compatibility, Performance and Security testing ) using tables in word document or excel sheet? Solution Web Testing in simple terms is checking your web application for potential bugs before its made live or before code is moved into the production environment. During this stage issues such as that of web application security, the functioning of the site, its access to handicapped as well as regular users and its ability to handle traffic is checked. 1. Functionality Testing In testing the functionality of the web sites the following should be tested: â€¢ Links i. Internal Links ii. External Links iii. Mail Links iv. Broken Links â€¢ Forms i. Field validation ii. Error message for wrong input iii. Optional and Mandatory fields â€¢ Database * Testing will be done on the database integrity. â€¢ Cookies * Testing will be done on the client system side, on the temporary Internet files. 2. Usability testing 3.Interface Testing 4.Database Testing 5. Compatibility testing 6.Performance Testing 7. Security testing 8.Crowd Testing .

How to do web application testing on a website checking it-'s (Functio.docx

cliftonl1

How to make a Mic 1 L2 instruction set that takes in user input through a Mic1 simulator for both multiply and divide and give out the answer and the divide include both output and any remainder. Solution .main //taking inputs for performing multiplication //for taking first input for multiplication IN // request character input from memory DUP // duplicate top of stack (inputed char) for comparing BIPUSH 0x0 // push 0x0 for comparison //for taking second input for multiplication IN // request character input from memory DUP // duplicate top of stack (inputed char) for comparing BIPUSH 0x0 // push 0x0 for comparison //for multiplying IMULT //output of multiplication OUT //taking inputs for performing division //for taking first input for division IN // request character input from memory DUP // duplicate top of stack (inputed char) for comparing BIPUSH 0x0 // push 0x0 for comparison //for taking second input for division IN // request character input from memory DUP // duplicate top of stack (inputed char) for comparing BIPUSH 0x0 // push 0x0 for comparison //for multiplying IDIVI //output of division i.e, quotient OUT //output of division i.e, remainder OUT DONE: HALT .end-main .

How to make a Mic 1 L2 instruction set that takes in user input throug.docx

cliftonl1

Mehr von cliftonl1 (20)