The Fall of Communist Regimes
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Communism is an economic and political philosophy based on collective ownership of property and resources. It originated as a response to capitalism and aims to establish a classless society through revolutionary means. The document outlines the history of communism in Russia, China, and East Berlin. Communism first emerged in Russia led by Lenin and the Bolshevik revolution. It later spread to China under Mao Zedong's rule and was divided between East and West Berlin by the Berlin Wall. Over time, various communist regimes weakened and eventually fell apart due to changing needs of the people and unsustainability of communist ideologies.
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The Fall of Communist Regimes
- 1. By: Damay & Reyes
- 2. REPORT OUTLINE What is communism and how did it start? Communism in: Russia China East Berlin Conclusion
- 3. What is communism? Communism, also known as Marxism or "Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism," is an economic and political philosophy.
- 4. What is communism? basically, it is a system of social organization in which property is held in common
- 5. What is communism? In modern usage, the term Communism is applied to the movement that aims to overthrow the capitalist order by revolutionary means and to establish a classless society in which all goods will be socially owned.
- 6. (Marx & Engels, 1844) How did it start?
- 7. How did it start? Communism is the progression from capitalism thru socialism
- 8. How did it start? For a Capitalist society to transition, the first step is Socialism. From a capitalist system, it is easier to achieve the Socialist ideal where production is distributed according to people's accomplishments. For Communism, it is necessary to first have production so high that there is enough for everyone's needs. In an ideal Communist society, people work not because they have to but because they want to and out of a sense of responsibility.
- 9. How did it start? In a Socialist economy, the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy. In a communist society, there is no centralized government - there is a collective ownership of property and the organization of labour for the common advantage of all members.
- 10. Communism in Russia -Czar (1894 - 1917) -RPG (March 1917 - Nov 1917) -Lenin (1917) Bolshevik Revolution (1917) Russian Civil War (1918-1922) -USSR (December 30, 1922) -Stalin (1924) -Successive Dictators
- 11. Communism in Russia -Cold War (1945) Tension bet US & USSR Spread of Communism Domino Effect US Policy of Containment Proxy Wars -Gorbachevâs advocacy of change (1985-1989) -Fall of Soviet Union USSR's disintegration Structural Problems Gorbachev's Policies (Glasnost & Perestroika) Gorbachev & Reagan's good relations USSR's demoralization
- 12. Communism in China China is one of the world's most prominent communist govâts. Mao Zedong, China's dictator, launched and raised the communist government in China, employing many of Stalin's tactics.
- 13. Communism in China âGreat Leap Forwardâ collectivisation of agriculture They were forced into slave labour, and personal ties they had to their families and former lives were severed. Mao also forced mass industrialisation.
- 16. Communism in Berlin Communism in Berlin The Berlin Wall was the physical division between West Berlin and East Berlin & the symbolic boundary between Democracy and Communism during the Cold War. The wall stood for 28 years to keep Germans from the east from escaping towards the west side of Berlin.
- 17. Communism in Berlin Communism in Berlin The fall of the Berlin Wall happened nearly as suddenly as its rise. There had been signs that the Communist bloc was weakening. After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.
- 18. ĐŃĐČĐŸĐŽâŠç»èźșâŠAbschlussWe therefore conclude that eventually, things would turn out the way one does not plan it to. People changes and so do their needs, aspirations, and outlooks. All things are, indeed, temporary. This came out to be our conclusion because the leaders of the states mentioned above never realized or it may not have come in their mind that communist regimes would fall at one time. Living in the contemporary era, wherein events could be much unanticipated unlike before, preparedness is a recommendation. We may never know when another regime may rise and would eventually fall. Since time flies so fast, the needs of the people also changes hence the ideologies put up by the leaders have the tendency to be inappropriate to the situation.
- 19. References: ï Internet ï ï Books ï â FIN â
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Socialist Revolutionary Party In the election to the Russian Constituent Assembly held two weeks after the Bolsheviks took power, the party still proved to be by far the most popular party across the country, gaining 58% of the popular vote as opposed to the Bolsheviks' 25%. However, in January 1918 the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly and thereafter the SRs became of less political significance. The Left SRsbecame the coalition partner of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet government, although they resigned their positions after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. A few Left SRs like Yakov Grigorevich Blumkin joined the Communist Party. Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, some Left SRs assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Count Wilhelm Mirbach. In 1918 they attempted a "Third Russian Revolution" against the Bolsheviks, which failed, leading to the arrest, imprisonment, exile, and execution of party leaders and members. In response, some SRs turned once again to violence. A former SR,Fanny Kaplan, tried to assassinate Lenin on August 30, 1918. Many SRs fought for the Whites or Greens in the Russian Civil War alongside some Mensheviks and other banned moderate socialist elements. The Tambov Rebellion against the Bolsheviks was led by an SR, Aleksandr Antonov. However, after Admiral Kolchak was installed as "Supreme Leader," of the White Movement in November 1918, he expelled all Marxists from the ranks. As a result, many SRs placed their organization behind White lines at the service of the Red Guards and the CHEKA. Later, many Left SRs became Communists. Following Lenin's instructions, a show trial of SRs was held in Moscow in 1922, which led to protests by amongst others, Eugene Debs, Karl Kautsky, and Albert Einstein. Most of the defendents were found guilty, but did not plead guilty, unlike the defendants in the later show trials in the Soviet Union in the late 1920's and the 1930's. In exile The party continued its activities in exile. A Foreign Delegation of the Central Committee was established, based in Prague. The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist Internationalbetween 1923 and 1940.
- The Reagan administrationâs strong rhetoric in support of the political aspirations of Eastern European and Soviet citizens was met, following 1985, with a new type of leader in the Soviet Union. Mikhail Gorbachevâs policies of perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost (transparency) further legitimized popular calls for reform from within. Gorbachev also made clearâat first secretly to the Eastern European leaders, then increasingly more publicâthat the Soviet Union had abandoned the policy of military intervention in support of communist regimes (the Brezhnev Doctrine). On Christmas Day 1991, the Soviet flag flew over the Kremlin in Moscow for the last time. A few days earlier, representatives from 11 Soviet republics (Ukraine, the Russian Federation, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) met in the Kazakh city of Alma-Ata and announced that they would no longer be part of the Soviet Union. Instead, they declared they would establish a Commonwealth of Independent States. Because the three Baltic republics (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) had already declared their independence from the USSR, only one of its 15 republics, Georgia, remained. The once-mighty Soviet Union had fallen, largely due to the great number of radical reforms that Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev had implemented during his six years as the leader of the USSR. However, Gorbachev was disappointed in the dissolution of his nation and resigned from his job on December 25. It was a peaceful end to a long, terrifying and sometimes bloody epoch in world history. In 1988, Time magazine selected Mikhail Gorbachev to be its âMan of the Yearâ for his work toward ending the Cold War. The next year, it named him its âMan of the Decade.â In 1990, Gorbachev won the Nobel Peace Prize. The Soviet Union was supposed to be âa society of true democracy,â but in many ways it was no less repressive than the czarist autocracy that preceded it. It was ruled by a single partyâthe Communist Partyâthat demanded the allegiance of every Russian citizen. After 1924, when the dictator Joseph Stalin came to power, the state exercised totalitarian control over the economy, administering all industrial activity and establishing collective farms. It also controlled every aspect of political and social life. People who argued against Stalinâs policies were arrested and sent to labor camps or executed. After Stalinâs death in 1953, Soviet leaders denounced his brutal policies but maintained the Community Partyâs power. They focused in particular on the Cold War with Western powers, engaging in a costly and destructive âarms raceâ with the United States while exercising military force to suppress anticommunism and extend its hegemony in Eastern Europe. MIKHAIL GORBACHEVâS GLASNOST AND PERESTROIKA In March 1985, a longtime Communist Party politician named Mikhail Gorbachev assumed the leadership of the USSR He inherited a stagnant economy and a political structure that made reform all but impossible. Gorbachev introduced two sets of policies that he hoped would help the USSR become a more prosperous, productive nation. The first of these was known as glasnost, or political openness. Glasnost eliminated traces of Stalinist repression, like the banning of books and the omnipresent secret police, and gave new freedoms to Soviet citizens. Political prisoners were released. Newspapers could print criticisms of the government. For the first time, parties other than the Communist Party could participate in elections. The second set of reforms was known as perestroika, or economic restructuring. The best way to revive the Soviet economy, Gorbachev thought, was to loosen the governmentâs grip on it. He believed that private initiative would lead to innovation, so individuals and cooperatives were allowed to own businesses for the first time since the 1920s. Workers were given the right to strike for better wages and conditions. Gorbachev also encouraged foreign investment in Soviet enterprises. However, these reforms were slow to bear fruit. Perestroika had torpedoed the âcommand economyâ that had kept the Soviet state afloat, but the market economy took time to mature. (In his farewell address, Gorbachev summed up the problem: âThe old system collapsed before the new one had time to begin working.â) Rationing, shortages and endless queuing for scarce goods seemed to be the only results of Gorbachevâs policies. As a result, people grew more and more frustrated with his government. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1989 AND THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION Gorbachev believed that a better Soviet economy depended on better relationships with the rest of the world, especially the United States. Even as President Reagan called the USSR the âEvil Empireâ and launched a massive military buildup, Gorbachev vowed to bow out of the arms race. He announced that he would withdraw Soviet troops from Afghanistan, where they had been fighting a war since 1979, and he reduced the Soviet military presence in the Warsaw Pact nations of Eastern Europe. This policy of non-intervention had important consequences for the Soviet Unionâbut first, it caused the Eastern European alliances to, as Gorbachev put it, âcrumble like a dry saltine cracker in just a few months.â The first revolution of 1989 took place in Poland, where the non-Communist trade unionists in the Solidarity movement bargained with the Communist government for freer elections in which they enjoyed great success. This, in turn, sparked peaceful revolutions across Eastern Europe. The Berlin Wall fell in November; that same month, the âvelvet revolutionâ in Czechoslovakia overthrew that countryâs Communist government. (In December, however, violence reigned: A firing squad executed Romaniaâs Communist dictator, Nicolae Ceaucescu, and his wife.) This atmosphere of possibility soon enveloped the Soviet Union itself. Frustration with the bad economy combined with Gorbachevâs hands-off approach to Soviet satellites to inspire a series of independence movements in the republics on the USSRâs fringes. One by one, the Baltic states (Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia) declared their independence from Moscow. Then, in early December, the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine broke away from the USSR and created the Commonwealth of Independent States. Weeks later, they were followed by eight of the nine remaining republics. (Georgia joined two years later.) At last, the mighty Soviet Union had fallen.
- The Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989):Â In the evening of November 9, 1989, East German government official GĂŒnter Schabowski stated during a press conference that travel through the border to the West was open.