1. LAZ B2 Language and Culture for Business Module II Internet, ICT’s and Business Contexts Prof. Peter Cullen

4. Technical developments in the Renaissance: printing 16° century woodcut of a press shop Johannes Gutenberg 1398-1468 (Mainz) Was a goldsmith and engraver. Fully developed his printing press by 1455. The Gutenburg bible was in print (300 copies) by 1455. Indulgences were also printed in massive numbers by 1455.

5. Technical developments in the Renaissance: printing Madonna in the Clouds Barocci 1581/82 Through its application as a medium for etched engravings, the printing press allowed images to be cheaply reproduced in massive numbers – with or without accompanying texts. This changed the face of the art market, allowing previews and marketing with a level of detail not seen before.

6. Technical developments in the Renaissance: printing Venice quickly became the centre for printing in Italy. It was territorially safe from the Papacy and other monarchical interferences. It had a long tradition of papermaking. It had Leonardo da Vinci in 1499 and Pacioli. It had a need for accounting and record keeping: i.e. mass information. The Arsenal by Canaletto 1732 San Marco in the evening

7. Technical developments in the Renaissance: printing Nicolas Jensen’s Roman type printed in Venice in 1470 Both Da Vinci and Pacioli published in Venice. Pacioli: Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita ( Venice 1494) Contained a standardisation of double-entry accounting principles established in the 14° century: balance sheets, trial balances, assets (receivalbes and inventory), liabilites, etc. Manutius and Griffo print ALL Greek classics Develop italic font 1490-1515

8. Technical developments in the Renaissance: printing Together Da Vinci and Pacioli publish: De divina proportione (written in Milan in 1496–98, published in Venice in 1509) Da Vinci did the illustrations , Pacioli explained the math – particularly the “golden ratio” or Fibonacci sequence. Fra Pacioli saw Catholic religious significance in the ratio – making this proportion acceptable to all types of artists and engineers. The Golden Ratio: A+B is to a as a is to b Vitruvian proportion IS NOT golden LdV 1487

9. Religious developments in the Renaissance: Reformation The spread of humanism, particularly Erasmian humanism, through book printing (including illustrations) broke open debate about the nature of church hierarchy in relation to man’s salvation. Problems: Economic recovery from the plague concentrated capital in the towns – in Italy and N. Europe Renaissance popes were seen as using ecclesiastical revenues to support temporal policies – concentrating European capital in Italy The Pope (Leo X) as Antichrist in Luther’s Passional Christi und Antichristi (1521); woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder

10. Religious developments in the Renaissance: Reformation Erasmus wrote extensively on the relationship between man as a subject of God and man in relationship to Church hierarchy . He criticized abuses of the Renaissance church – particularly indulgences, simony, and nepotism – temporal abuses. He followed Petrarch’s interest in translating Greek texts, and the Bible – into Greek. His Greek translation of the bible was printed just before the Complutense Polyglot Bible – the Church sanctioned multi-vulgate bible. They competed to get their books to print. Why? Erasmus of Rotterdam: 1466/69-1536 Catholic humanist proponent of reform from within the church

11. Religious developments in the Renaissance: Reformation Erasmus and Luther shared the need for reform – particularly on indulgences (read fiscal abuse by the Church). They differed on transubstantiation and the question of free will. Luther separated human reason from God – denying man’s free will as a path to salvation. Wrote the 95 Theses (1517) against the collection of indulgences to build St. Peters (i,e. German money to pay for Michelangelo). The 95 theses WERE NOT a break with Rome. Martin Luther: 1466/69-1536 Prof at Wittenberg (Saxony) and proponent of reform from outside the Church

26. What is communication? The language process uses a code to communicate a message from a producer to a receiver – but: Each variable depends on its relationship to the other variables for understanding to happen. Producer code message communication receiver understanding Feedback loop at each stage MEMORY

29. Multi-media and the Message Classroom problems: learning styles time/schedule space/distance to message

33. Media in Language Learning Jukka Korpela (U Helsinki Network IT spec.  2001) Language differences . On the Internet, for example, the lingua franca is badly written and poorly understood English . Some people use it as their native language; other learned some of it from various sources. In any case, whatever you say will be interpreted in a myriad of ways, whether you use idiomatic English or not.

35. Media in Language Learning Intercultural communication is about learning to understand message across cultural histories . Assumption Belief Participation Some important areas of global business have different information culture that change on different schedules: China, India, Russia, Brasil

42. Internet is a differentiated global network. It is physical – cabled and stored.

46. Business networks: teams and human capital value chains A team is a group of people who work together to acheive a common goal via commonly established and followed procedures, processes and rules. m+m+m+m = 4m? association m+m+m+m = N? community A team has direction. A team agrees on process and rules for completing tasks. A team is a finite sphere of cultural interaction. A team may or may not have a team leader. Teams may be formal or informal.

47. Understanding networks and globalisation Globalisation: “ The process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. This process is a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political forces.” Sheila Croucher (Miami U). Global systems are NOT new. The current scale of globalisation is. “ Globalisation” as a theory developed from academic interest in capitalism and imperialism.

48. Understanding teamwork and globalisation Information: Information Technology ( IT ) has increased participation in global processes. “ global village ” term popularised by communications theorist M. McLuhan between 1962-1964. ICTs now influence processes of: personal communication film/TV/music marketing personal consumption (Amazon) finance transport consumption (e-tickets) management behavioural interaction language ICT development itself

49. Understanding teamwork and globalisation Recent globalisation has dramatically changed the field of interaction across societies. BUT: each society functions according to its own cultural learning – initially. How can culturally different people from different societies find common values and forms of communication for the purpose of acheiving a goal or goals through shared processes? Lakshmi Mittal – CEO/owner of Arcelor Mittal

50. Understanding teamwork and globalisation Globalised teamwork may take two forms: Division of competencies among teams across the globe (traditional multinational corporate model) Interaction within a global team. (globalisation of management) In companies, each form suggests a different approach to teamwork and LEADERSHIP

51. What is leadership? Leadership is the act and quality of leading other people in a common effort to acheive a goal. Leaders may be people or institutions. Leadership may be formal, informal or both. Leadership requires structures, systems and processes of communication. It is institutionalised. IT IS A FORM OF CULTURAL COMMUNCATION