This introductory lecture was given to the master students at the beginning of the 2008-09 academic session. I was prompted to find out more on how to improve power point presentations after seeing some of the sad states of presentations done with a
"copy-and-paste" style resulting in slides with too many words
12. Use 6 * 6 RULE 6 LINES PER SLIDE 6 WORDS PER LINE
13. Avoid Text Indigestion!! At the whole-body level, shock from any etiology initiates a sequence of stress responses that are intended to preserve flow to vital organs and to signal cells to expend internal energy stores ( Figure 4-2). The circulating “stress hormones” derive mainly from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenomedullary axis, which leads to secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla and corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, renin from the kidney, and glucagon from the pancreas. These hormones signal the liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into the plasma and alert adipose tissue to release fatty acids via lipolysis. As a result, stress hormones increase the input of carbon substrates into the TCA throughout the body, often overwhelming the mitochondrial ability to oxidize them and leading to an increase in lactic acid production and release into the bloodstream.
Overview of whole-body hormonal stress response to shock. Upper left, Stress hormones (catecholamines, glucagons) stimulate the liver to increase glucose output, derived from glycogen breakdown and by synthesis from lactate and alanine, which are released from skeletal muscle catabolism (right side). Lower left, Adrenal medulla secretes glucocorticosteroids and catecholamines, which induce glycogenolysis, insulin resistance, hypokalemia, and lipolysis. Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney release renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system. Upper right, Skeletal muscle becomes more resistant to substrate uptake and continues to release lactate, which becomes the main fuel source for the heart in shock. FFA, free fatty acids.
Designers choose serif typefaces because they are easy to read. Our eyes find it easy to follow the baselines of serif type. Sans serif fonts, in which each character is independent from its neighbors, are good for reading shorter pieces of information, such as titles and labels.