5. Different Social Science
investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge
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is the scientific study of society, patterns of social
relationships, social interaction, and culture of everyday life. It is
a social science that uses various methods of empirical
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acceptance, and change or social evolution
is the study of humans and human behavior and societies in
the past and present.
Political Science
is a social science which deals with systems of governance,
and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, and
political behavior.
6. Social Psychology
It refers to the branch of psychology that scientifically
studies social behavior
, especially the interaction and
influence of individuals and groups on each other
.
Public Administration
Isthe implementation of government policy and also an academic
discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for
working in the public service.
Human Geography
The branch of geography dealing with how human activity
affects or is influenced by the earth’s surface
Linguistics
Isthe scientific study of language. Itinvolves analyzing language in context.
7. Development Studies
Isa multi-disciplinary branch of socialscience.
Economics
Isthe social science that studies the production, distribution
and consumption of goods and services.
History
Refer to the academic discipline which uses
a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past
events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause
Law
a
n
deffect that determine them.
Isa system of rules that are created and enforced
through social or governmental institutions to
11. Below are some general definitions of community using a social science
perspective:
An informally organized social entity, characterized by a
sense of identity;
A group of people living in the same defined area,sharing
common basic values, organization, and interest;
A population which is geographically focused existing as
unique social entity with a collective identity and purpose;
and
A group of people with diverse characteristic, linked by
social ties, formed and consolidated by their collective
aspirations , sharing and exchanging perspectives, and are
collectively engaged to do some concerted action in a
geographical location or setting.
12. INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
SOCIAL INSTITUTION
Is social structure and social mechanism of social order and
cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
Is a group of social positions, connected by social relations,
performing a social role
15. Informal Institutions
Are practices, norms, traditions, culture, conduct, and
belief systems of a community.
These are not codified or written, but are
nonetheless embedded in communities, operating
due to the interactive process of preference
exchanges and social expectations that occur therein.
Normative
Refers to the ideal standards, models, or conduct
that is based on what is collectively considered as
appropriate or proper
16. CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
Civil Society
Refers to a political community of
organized groups operating within the
authoritative parameters of the state.
17. Non-Government Organization
An organization that operates independently
of any government, typically one whose
purpose is to address a social or political issue.
18. Peoples Organization
Are independent, autonomous entities, officially
registered and acknowledged as organizations
according to the rules and standards set by the state
19. Is the agency of the Government of the
Philippines responsible for regulating
the securities industry in the Philippines. In addition
to its regulatory functions, the SECalso maintains the
country's company register.
20. Beneficiary- Is the recipient of the results of the
development efforts
Legitimate- Lawfully/recognized organization
Bogus- Fake or Spurious organization
21. Social Movement
Isa form of collective behavior which springs largely
from the attitudes and aspiration of its participants
Mass Action
Operates based on planned strategies and tactics for
pursuing goal and objective.
22. ORGANIC PERSPECTIVE
Refers to local or grassroots groups within a
particular locale that are driven and organized
because of community issues and concerns.
28. STRUCTURALDIMENSION OFA COMMUNITY
Geographic Dimension
It focuses on how a community is shaped by the
physical space it uses and the location of its
resources--- Human, natural, technological.
33. Economic Dimension
Refers to the means by which members of a
community allocate, produce, and distribute
scarce resources to address their wants and
needs.
34. Exchange Value
The quantified worth of a good or
service as compared to other objects
in the market.
38. TWO KINDS OFPOWERSTRUCTURESIN A COMMUNITY
Formal Power Structure
Are form the legal-authoritative basis of elected and appointed
government officials and leaders of civic organization
Informal Power Structure
Refers to the ability to lead, direct or achieve without anofficial
leadership title
Legal Authoritative decision-makers
Are individuals or bodies whose authority is based on formal rules
and institution
39. Influencer
The person with the most influence, who can lead others to achieve
a goal or accomplish a certain task.
Leadership
Refers to the process and qualities of command
and decisiveness with regard to the necessary
actions that ensure the welfare of the community.
40. Community Leader
Are individuals selected, nominated, and appointed as
stewards, vanguard, and champions of issues relevant to a
community
44. Informal Community
Are seen to typically operate through socio-cultural
mechanisms within the community structures.
45. Local-Global Typology
Focuses on the scope and breadth of communities with respect to its
geographic dimensions and the reach of its other dimensions.
Local Community
Isa group of individuals interacting within a shared environment.
46. Global Community
Stretches beyond the frontiers of a local community,
transcending national, supranational, and regional
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t.of individuals and groups who share
values, beliefs, preferences, needs, risks, interest,
identities, and other attributes beyond physical ,cultural,
47. Rural-Urban Typology
Isbased on the distinction in terms of development,
industrialization, ecological conditions, and life style.
Rural Community
Are characterized as pastoral, agricultural, and located
along the periphery of urban centers or in the countryside
48. Urban Community
Are described as industrialized and
commercial centers where population
density is relatively high compared to rural
communities.
49. Community Sector
Isa broad set of community-based organizations
that voluntarily and autonomously function beyond
government or state.
50. FUNCTIONS OFA COMMUNITY
Production-Distribution-Consumptio
Socialization
Social Control
Social Participation
Mutual Support
52. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction,
involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for
a range of social and organizational outcomes.
It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and through
groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest,
or similar situations to address issues affecting the well being of
those people.
53. SOLIDARITY
Refers to the idea of unity or feeling of agreementamong
individuals with a common interest.
is an awareness of shared interests, objectives, standards, and
sympathies cause creating a psychological sense of unity of groups or
classes.
54. CITIZENSHIP
is the status of a person recognized under the
custom or law as being a legal member of a
sovereign state or belonging to anation.
56. COMMUNITY ACTION
A collective action by a community for the
purposes of arresting a crisis, addressing a
challenge, solving a problem, or accomplishing a
specific outcome
57. PARTNERSHIP BUILDING
Refers to linking and strengthening the shared
interest of sectors and accomplish common
goals and objectives for mutual benefit
58. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
is a cooperative arrangement between two
or more public and private sectors, typically
of a long-term nature.
59.
60. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
is a process where community members come together to
take collective action and generate solutions to common
problems. Community wellbeing (economic, social,
environmental and cultural) often evolves from this type of
collective action being taken at a grassroots level.
61. PROCESSOFCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTHAS THEFOLLOWING CHARACTERISTIC
It involves participation from a big segment of acommunity
It is participated by well informed members
It results to the decisions made through a consensus among
community member
It encourages group building, leadership development, and capacity
building among community members, while addressing the issue at
hand.
It uses a systematic approach in addressing local concerns
It is an examination of community problems issues in its entity and
not as isolated and independent cases
It uses processes that are flexible and may be applied to other
community concerns.
It is initiated often as a result of a potential or locally perceived crisis
64. ISSUE
Is a subject matter that people argue about or discus
65. COMMUNITY PROBLEMS
Are conditions or qualifications of issues that are undesired
by members of a community
66. CHARACTERISTICOFA COMMUNITY PROBLEM
Impact It has a direct and adverse impact on
a community
Duration It frequently occurs
Scope
and
Rang
e
It affects many people within the
community and those in proximal
areas.
Severity It disrupts community life
Equity It deprives people of moral and legal
rights
Perceptio It is perceived as a problem by the
68. Human Rights
Are rights inherent to all human beings,
regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity,
language, religion, or any other status.
69. The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) is a milestone document in the
history of human rights. Drafted by
representatives with different legal and
cultural backgrounds from all regions of the
world, the Declaration was proclaimed by
the United Nations General Assembly in
Paris on 10 December 1948 (General
Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common
standard of achievements for all peoples
and all nations. It sets out, for the first time,
fundamental human rights to be universally
protected and it has been translated into
over 500 languages
70. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
71. Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family,
Home and Correspondence
Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
72. Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free
Elections
Article 22 Right to Social Security
Article 23 Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24 Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25 Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26 Right to Education
Article 27 Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of
Community
Article 28 Right to a Social Order that Articulates this
Document
Article 29 Community Duties Essential to Free and Full
Development
78. WRIT OFHABEAS CORPUS
Is a recourse in law through which a person can report
an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request
that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a
prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine
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etentionis lawful.
Is a remedy available to any person whose right to privacy in
life, liberty or security is violated or threatened by an unlawful
act or omission of a public official or employee, or of aprivate
individual or entity engaged in the gathering, collecting or
storing of data or information regarding the person, family,
home and correspondence of the aggrieved party.
79.
80. ARTICLE III
BILL OF RIGHTS
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or
warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined
personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.
Section 3.
The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except
upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise,
as prescribed by law.
Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.
81. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of
religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall
forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or
political rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the
citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
82. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in
the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or
societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use
without just compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be
passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies
and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person
by reason of poverty.
83. Section 12.
1. Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be
informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably
of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with
one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence ofcounsel.
2.No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will
shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar
forms of detention are prohibited.
3.Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
4. The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this Section as well as
compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.
Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion
perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall
not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive
bail shall not be required.
84. Section 14.
1.No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
Inall criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the
contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against
to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to
and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and
production of evidence in his behalf.
2. However
, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the
of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to
appear is unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety
requires it.
Section 16.All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their
85. Section 18.
1.No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations.
2.No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.
Section 19.
1.Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment
inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving
heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed
shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
2.The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under
subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense.
If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.
Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted.
87. Is a concept of fair and just relations between the
individual and society. This is measured by the
explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth,
opportunities for personal activity, and social
privileges.
Social Justice
88. “Social Justice as the
humanization of laws
and the equalization of
laws and the
equalization of social
and economic forces by
the so that justice may
at least be
approximated”
89. Senator Jose W. Diokno
Social Justice is a system of law that
seeks to attain the following
objectives:
Respect our rights and freedoms as
individuals and as a people.
Eliminate poverty as quickly as our
resources and abilities would allow:
First, Provide everyone with their
basic material needs then improve
their standard of living and
Change institution and structures
to address inequalities
90. ARTICLE XIII
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the
enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right
of all the people to human dignity, reduce social,
economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural
inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power
for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition,
ownership, use, and disposition of property and its
increments.
Section 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the
commitment to create economic opportunities based on
freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
92. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Is a dynamic relational process that facilitates communication, interaction,
involvement, and exchange between an organization and a community for
a range of social and organizational outcomes.
It refers to the process of working collaboratively with and through
groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest,
or similar situations to address issues affecting the well being of
those people.
93. Four Pillars of Community Engagement
Information
Consultation
Involvement
Empowerment
94. Aside from the achievement of the four pillars of
community engagement, successful community
engagement also entails the guidance of various principle
and goals among them:
Increase in the knowledge of community members
about the issues that are being addressed:
Encourage communities to co-create additional
knowledge or views pertaining to issues being
addressed;
Shared application of knowledge and new knowledge
to address the issues of the community and;
Create opportunities for improvement, communication
channels, and engage the community in regular and
95. Participatory Development
Is a process through which stakeholders
influence and share control over development
initiatives and over the decision and over the
decisions and resources that affect themselves
96. Majid Rahnema
Core Characteristics of
Participatory Development
Cognitive– It generates new
ways of understanding
community issues and
problems
Political– It capacitates
powerless
Instrumental– It proposes
alternative solutions