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開放式學習環境下電子學習
發展的全球趨勢
及為可持續發展香港可採取的政策選擇及其影響研究
王丹 博士
香港大學 教育學院
什麼是MOOC?
M Massive 大規模
O Open 開放式
O Online 在缐
C Course 課堂
MOOCs的出現革新了高等教育的觀念。此前
因爲經濟,地域,文化等因素所限而未能接受
高等教育的人,有機會接受優質的高等教育。
大規模開放式在缐課堂(MOOCs)的發展
MOOC平台,如Coursera,edX和Udacity 已于全球超過
100所大學進行合作。單以Coursera 為例子,已經為140所
來自美洲、歐洲和亞洲的大學主辦了1555個課程,並有世
界各地共一千六百八十萬學生註冊。
香港科技大學率先在網上提供超過20個課程。
截至2015年底,香港大學提供了四個不同的MOOC課程。
MOOCs的全球化趨勢和議題
O: 經濟可持續性
MOOCs是開放和免費的, 但是
生産和經營的成本高昂。
學 費
一些大學採取收取MOOCs學費
的方式降低成本。這與MOOCs
的理念相違背。
MOOCs在尋求可行的商業模式,
維持發展。但問題是與商業機構
的合作可能危及課程的多樣性。
M: 課程參與和品質保證
80-95% MOOCs參與者的輟學率很高,
約80-95%之間。
多數招聘機構不承認MOOCs學歷,
高等教育機構能否為MOOCs給予
學分也不確定。
MOOCs課程缺乏系統結構,
講師或教師的關鍵作用被忽略。
MOOCs的全球化趨勢和議題
版權問題
1.
2.
知識產權問題影響多個持分者(包括平台提供者、大
學、教授),並且增加MOOCs發展的成本。
傳統的版權及知識產權觀念破壞MOOCs的平等性
和開放性。
類別 分層
學習者 大多數MOOC學習者卻是大學學生或畢業生,與
MOOCs開始有著均衡教育和為弱勢群體提供教育
的理念背道而馳。
大學 把頂尖與較低層的院校分層,以及把已發達國家與
發展中經濟體系的院校分野。
學習者和大學的分層
O&C: 教學上的適合度
C
X
連結主義式MOOCs(cMOOCs): 基於連
結主義的學習理論,強調協作學習和交
流,注重知識的創造與產生。
以内容為本的MOOCs(xMOOCs): 採用
行爲主義的方法。以影片、測驗/測試
為主要的教學資源。
可問題是:究竟哪一種更適合、能令學
生獲得更高品質的學習成果和經驗,目
前仍有爭議。
MOOCs的全球化趨勢和議題
類型 國家 政策
被動型 澳大利亞、英國、美國 發達國家或知識生產能力很強的國家,政府採取被動的
角色,並且由大學和市場發展MOOC。
主動型 中國大陸、印度、韓國、馬來西亞、日本、
新加坡
在發展中國家或知識消費國家,政府採取更加積極的角
色,支持並直接資助MOOCs的發展,創建MOOCs 平
台並開發課程。
政府的政策策略
• 政府可促進MOOCs來解決國內的教育或社會問題或把MOOCs作為吸引
國際學生的途徑。
• 政府有意發展MOOC平台和課程,以傳播當地文化和知識予全世界的觀
眾,為課程的多樣性作出貢獻。
香港需要MOOCs政策嗎?YES!
• 追求規模,方向模糊
• 資源投入高,線下影響小
• 複製線下教學模式,缺乏創新
• 擴大本地居民教育機會,解決本
地人力資源及社會發展問題
• 打造亞洲教育樞紐,提升本地高
等教育的知名度
• 推進線上與線下教學的融合與創
新,提高教學質素
MOOC發展處於十字路口 政府發揮關鍵作用,引導技
術發展的目的和方向
德爾菲政策研究的結果
香港的MOOCs發展目標
鼓勵教學法創新:專家一致認為首要任務是
在校園的教學課程通過混合式學習鼓勵創新
教學法,加強深度學習。
政府應在高等教育界塑造MOOCs發展,在
教育系統以鞏固香港作為對亞洲地區“教育
樞紐”。
最次要的是創建收入來源。
針對學習群體
調查顯示專家強烈表示應以香港本地學生
為主,其次為“世界各地的學習者”。
主要資金來源
40%專家支持建設本地平台(非盈利平
台)。有60%反對,主要擔憂成本和競
爭力。
40%
平台選擇
大學的常額預算和政府專項資金
德爾菲政策研究的結果
政府和大學在MOOC發展中的角色
分類 角色
大學 • 大學為主體,具體實施MOOC在香港的發展。
政府 • 香港政府制定發展方向和目標,提供資金,協
助大學實施MOOCs。
• 委託大學創建MOOCs課程以服務於當地中小
學教育和其他政府特定行業的專業人員培訓。
最關注的問題
1. 財政可持續性 2. 商業模式下對課程開放程度
的危害
3. 未能讓最有需要的人口接觸到MOOCs
4. 學生的課程完成率低
人力成本
• 初始生産階段成本昂貴,單位時間的影片需
要約4倍至12倍的製作時間,但在重新運作
課程時可緩解。
• 教師的工作量要比傳統線下教學的高。
政策建議
政府的角色為制定方向與目標,協助並監督大學實施MOOC發展
目標一:促進教學創新,提供優質的學習資源,加強深度學習。
目標二:確保MOOCs的非營利性和開放性。
目標三:推動MOOCs發展應用于當地小學和中學教育,以及特定行業的專
業培訓(如教師培訓)。
措施一:政府應撥出資金予大學的常額預算,同時制定清晰明確的問責措施,
追求質量而非數量,探索教學創新的途徑。
措施二:政府(UGC)可以將MOOCs的發展整合到現有資助計畫中,作為
戰略發展的領域之一。
措施三:政府應促進MOOCs課程的研究和實踐,支持更大規模的跨學院合
作。
有關全港MOOCs課程平台的建設,政府在承諾資助重大投資前應該更加
謹慎。
提問與討論

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