Analogy, Causality, and Discovery in Science: The engines of human thought
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13 January 2015, Tuesday 12:45 pm – 2:00 pm has been changed to RMS 101, Runme Shaw Bldg., HKU By Professor Kevin Niall DUNBAR, College of Education, University of Maryland, College Park, US http://sol.edu.hku.hk/analogy-causality-discovery-science-engines-human-thought/
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Analogy, Causality, and Discovery in Science: The engines of human thought
- 1. Analogy, Causality, & Discovery in Science: The Engines of Human Thought Kevin Niall Dunbar Director, Laboratory for Thinking, Reasoning, & Educational Neuroscience Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology University of Maryland College Park
- 2. Conclusions from last talk CausesConceptual change in science: Unexpected findings act as trigger for Analogical & causal thinking But how general? What are the brain based mechanisms underlying the use of Causal and analogical reasoning?
- 3. Determine generalizability New set of Scientists and doctors reasoning about patients in a Neurological hospital (Dumas & Dunbar et al. 2014) 3
- 4. Determine generalizability New set of Scientists and doctors reasoning about patients in a Neurological ward (Dumas & Dunbar et al. 2014) 4
- 5. How do we know about causality We need spatial and temporal contiguity Easy to identify cause of Ebola, Not easy to identify AIDS and Smoking Similarly Doctors at medical rounds
- 6. Plausible theories: Inconsistent and Consistent data
- 7. Data Consistent: attended to Data Inconsistent Gated out Responding to Data
- 8. What are the Neural mechanisms of causality? • Split brain patients • Epilepsy unresponsive to drugs • Corpus callosum cut • Left hemisphere and right hemisphere separated
- 9. Fugelsang, Roser, Dunbar Gazzaniga 2005-2009 9
- 10. Left and right hemisphere involvement • Right Hemisphere Causal Perception • Left Hemisphere Causal Induction
- 11. 0.0000 0.0500 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 Causal Non-Causal MeanSignalChange Inferior Parietal Lobule -0.1475 -0.1100 -0.0725 -0.0350 0.0025 0.0400 Causal Non-Causal MeanSignalChange Middle frontal Gyrus Causal Perception Fugelsang, Roser, Corballis, Gazzaniga, & Dunbar (2005)
- 12. Are we hardwired for Perception above Cognition in causal thinking? • What if we left the perception the same but varied the instructions? • Same Movies • Different Cover story
- 13. “… imagine that the two circular objects are billiard balls. These trials will be preceded by the prompt in the center of the screen: Two Billiard Balls” “… imagine that the two circular objects are positively charged particles that repel each other when they come close to being in contact with each other. These trials will be preceded by the prompt: Two Positively Charged Particles”
- 16. “… imagine that the two circular objects are billiard balls. These trials will be preceded by the prompt in the center of the screen: Two Billiard Balls” “… imagine that the two circular objects are positively charged particles that repel each other when they come close to being in contact with each other. These trials will be preceded by the prompt: Two Positively Charged Particles” Use ERP
- 17. Results
- 18. Framing Causal Thinking • Thought to be hard-wired for perception. • But, this work shows it can be changed by framing • Even at level of brain • Key role for framing in education • Can overcome biases
- 19. Analogy Analogy Key component of science Experiment design, data interpretation, explanations Scientists very different from classic experimental work Use cross domain analogies Framing relevant here too: Goals frame analogy. How?
- 20. Using neuroimaging to address these questions
- 21. Analogies: Frontal poles • Green, Fugelsang, Shamosh Dunbar 2006
- 22. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) • Use large corpus of written text. For example, a selection of books that a typical person might read from childhood to college (approximately 93 million words) • Count number of times words occur in documents. Create a matrix of counts • Use statistical methods (single value decomposition) to reduce the dimensionality of the matrix (from 50,000 to 300 dimensions) • The resulting vectors (in a 300 dimensional space) are the semantic representations
- 23. Green et al 2012 Analogy Generation
- 24. ROI of Frontopolar Cortex
- 25. Summary, so far • Frontopolar cortex crucial to analogical and creative thinking • Modulated by how semantically near and far the components of the analogy are • What is the timecourse? • How does this tie in to Learning?
- 26. Functional Near-InfraRed Spectroscopy (fNIRS) • Targets 2 Species of Hb – Oxygenated (830nm) – Deoxygenated (700nm)
- 27. fNIRS Probe Set
- 28. Task Outline
- 29. Exp #1: Preliminary Results DLPFC DLPFC RLPFC SMG STG DLPFC MTG SMGSMG
- 30. Exp #1: Preliminary Results DLPFC DLPFC RLPFC SMG STG DLPFC MTG SMGSMG
- 31. Exp #1: Preliminary Results DLPFC DLPFC RLPFC SMG STG DLPFC MTG SMGSMG
- 32. fNIRS Preliminary Results DLPFC DLPFC RLPFC SMG STG DLPFC MTG SMGSMG
- 33. Analogy Generation Studies • Generation similar results –RLPFC/Frontopolar activated early when first relation identified RLPFC • Suggests that prior theories that integration occurs after all information presented not valid and that interventions aimed at the framing of the analogy is most important.
- 34. Causality & Analogy • Framing determines performance and can modulate the recruitment of key areas involved in analogy. • Consistent with the idea that the frontal lobes are flexible, particularly at early components of reasoning • Shows that rather than being doomed to making reasoning errors in causal and analogical thought changing the context is an effective intervention
- 35. Dunbar Perc 2009; Biology of Physics Adam Green Jonathan Fugelsang Leslie Atkins 35
Hinweis der Redaktion
- [[talked to his colleague and he said that they still can’t do timing relations in fmri, can’t break down into intervals (e.g. 100ms after, 200ms after, etc.) at 10Hz and see which parts of the brain are active. Can only do it in terms of ROI analyses]] [[Has been difficult to do it in fMRI with these types of stimuli and with verbal response; so far no one has been able to do it, though people have tried]]