2. Basic Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Elements of Quantitative Research
Quantitative Design Issues
Causal Relationships and Hypothesis
Aspect of Explanation in Quantitative Research
Ways to Select Topic in Quantitative Research
Quantitative Measurement
Types of Sampling Method
Analysis of Data
3. Basic Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Test Hypothesis that the researcher begins with
Concepts are in the form of distinct variables
Measures are systematically created before data
collection and are standardized
Data are in the form of numbers from precise
measurement
Theory is largely causal and deductive
Procedures are standard and replication is assumed
Analysis proceeds by using statistics, tables or charts
and discussing how, what, they show relates to
hypothesis
4. Elements of Quantitative Research
Reconstructed Logic
Logic of how to do research is highly organized and
restated in an idealized, formal and systematic form.
Technocratic Perspective
Researcher is the expert, and the research questions
often originate with the sponsors of the research.
5. Linear Path
A research path that follows a fixed and well-defined
sequence of steps. Thinking and way of looking at
issues is direct, narrow, and straight to the point.
Triangulation
Observing from different viewpoints.
1. Triangulation of Measures
2. Triangulation of Observers
3. Triangulation of Theory
4. Triangulation of Method
6. Objectivity and Integrity
More “mechanical” technique
Principles of Replication
Adhere to standardized methodological procedures
Measure with numbers
Analyze data with statistics
7. Quantitative Design Issues
Variation and variables
VARIABLES- are factors that can take on more than one
value in a given study.
Types of Variables:
1. Independent Variable- is a variable presumed to
effect/influence other variables.
2. Dependent/Outcome Variable- is a variable presumed
to be effected by one or more independent variable.
3. Intervening/Mediating Variable-is the intervening
variable that controls/affects the dependent variable.
8. Example:
An Evaluation on the use of Filipino as Medium of
Instruction in the Social Science: Impact to Students’
Performance
Independent- medium of instruction (Filipino)
Dependent- students’ performance
Mediating- effectiveness of the teacher
IQ of student
Student’s interest and preparation
9. Causal Relationships and Hypothesis
Quantitative researchers test hypothesis and establish
relations of events by strong reliance to statistical
procedures.
Five Characteristics of Causal Hypothesis:
1. It has at least two variables
2. It express a causal/cause-effect relationship between the
variables
3. It can be expressed as a prediction or an expected future
outcome
4. It is logically linked to a research question and theory.
5. It is falsifiable
10. HYPOTHESIS- refers to a prediction of results made
before the study commences.
Types of Hypothesis:
1. Null (Ho)- is a denial of the presence of relationship
among variables. It is always stated in the negative
form because it is easier to disprove.
Ex. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness
of directive and non-directive teachers as perceived by
respondents.
11. 2. Alternative (Ha)- is the opposite of the null
hypothesis and it is always stated in the positive form
to affirm the existence of an observed phenomenon.
Ex. There is a significant difference on the effectiveness of
directive and non-directive teachers as perceived by
respondents.
12. Characteristics of Hypothesis:
1. It should be reasonable
2.It should be consistent with known facts/theories
3. It should be stated in such a way that it can be tested
and found to be probably true/false.
4. It should be stated in simplest possible term
5.It should be clearly in the from of declarative
sentence
13. Aspect of Explanation in Quantitative
Research
Level of Analysis- The level of social reality to which
theoretical explanation refer. The level of social reality
varies on a continuum from micro level (small
group/individual processses) to macro level
(civilizations/structural aspects of society).
14. Unit of Analysis- The type of unit a researcher uses
when measuring.
1. Individual
2. Group
3. Organization
4. Social Institution
5. Social Category
6. Society
15. Ways to Select Topic in Quantitative Research
Personal experience
Curiosity
State of knowledge in the field
Solving a problem
Social premiums
Personal values
Every life
16. Techniques for Narrowing a Topic into a Research
Question:
1. Examine the literature
2. Talk over ideas with others
3. Apply specific context
4. Define the aim of the desired outcome of the study
17. Quantitative Measurement
Conceptualization- process of thinking through
meaning of construct.
Operationalization- process of linking a conceptual
definition to a specific set of measurement
techniques/procedures.
Data Collection- process of obtaining data through
specific/combination of techniques/procedure.
Data Analysis- apply the statistical principles and
procedures to extract essential information from the
data collected.
18. Five Suggestions in Coming Up with a Measure:
1. Remember the conceptual definition
2.Keep an open mind
3. Borrow from others
4.Anticipate difficulties
5.Do not forget your unit analysis
19. VALIDITY- refers to the appropriateness,
meaningfulness, correctness, and usefulness of any
inferences a researcher draws based on data obtained
through the use of an instrument.
20. Types of Validity:
1. Content Validity- degree of representativeness of the
content/domain of definition in a measure.
2. Criterion Validity- uses some standard/criterion to
indicate a construct accurately.
3. Construct Validity- the extent to which the measure
defines the construct.
21. RELIABILITY- refers to the consistency of
scores/answers provided by an instrument.
How to Increase Reliability:
1. Clearly conceptualize construct
2.Use precise level of measurement
3. Use multiple indicators
4.Use pilots
22. Types of Reliability:
1. Stability Reliability (Test-retest method)
-involves administering the same instrument twice to
the same group of individuals after certain time
interval elapsed.
2. Equivalence Reliability (Reliability using multiple
indicators)
- involves administering two different, but equivalent,
forms of instrument to the same group of individuals
at the same time.
23. 3. Representative Reliability (Internal-consistency
method/Reliability across groups)
- involves comparing responses to different sets
of items that are part of an instrument.
24. Types of Sampling Method
Probability Sampling
Description- estimate of group characteristics
Inference-testing of empirical hypothesis
Non-Probability Sampling
Exploration and theory development
Developing and testing survey research
instrument
Selection of a small number of first stage units
25. Analysis of Data
Dealing with Data
1. Coding-systematically reorganizing raw data into a
format that is easily readable
2. Entering Data
3. Cleaning Data-checking accuracy of coding and
encoding data
26. Statistical Analysis
1. Universal Statistics- one variable is analyzed
Frequency Distribution
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variations
2. Bivariate Statistics- two variables are analyzed
Simple Correlation
T-test Analysis
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Chi-Square
