it details about the Literature review and various refering system used in nursing research using Evidence Based Practice. this helps in building them in the oxford refering system and related systems of writing bibliography.
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Literature review and refering system
1. Lo-2
Conduct a review of key
literature relating to a
research topic towards
improvements in care
practice
2. The literature review process
ï” The purpose of a literature review
ï” Providing up-to-date information of research in the area
ï” Identifying methods that can be used in any further
research
ï” Provides an understanding of similar findings,
inconsistencies, areas not previously identified, possible
further research ideas for evidence-based practice
3. The purpose of a literature review
ï” Conducting a
literature review is a means
of
ï” demonstrating the author's
knowledge about a
particular field of study,
ï” including vocabulary,
theories, key variables and
phenomena, and its
methods and history.
ï” gather all the available
sources related to your paper's
topic
ï” (the ones you have found in
process of conducting
your research) in one place
and
ï” to evaluate them.
5. Identifying topic for research in health,
care or support service provision using
the Practice Themes as a framework
ï” Preliminary searches to determine feasibility of
conducting an evidence-based project in chosen area
ï”Step 1: Research the Business Drivers. In
most cases, your project is being driven
by a problem in the business. ...
ï”Step 2: Confirm the Alternative Solutions.
...
ï”Step 3: Determine the Feasibility. ...
ï”Step 4: Choose a Preferred Solution. ...
ï”Step 5: Reassess at a lower level.
6. Conducting a literature review
using internet, books, journals,
reports, web sites and other
sources
ï” Primary and secondary sourcesÂ
ï” Methods used for searching internet, e.g. use of Boolean searches,
key words, terms
ï” Reading techniques used to assess appropriateness of literature,
e.g., scanning, skimming
10. Methods used for searching internet,
ï” A web search engine is a software system that is designed to
search for information on the World Wide Web.
ï” The search results are generally presented in a line of results often
referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs).
ï” The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other
types of files.
11. Boolean searchÂ
ï” Boolean search is a type of search allowing users to
combine keywords with operators (or modifiers) such as
AND, NOT and OR to further produce more relevant
results.
ï” For example, a Boolean search could be "hotel" AND "New
York". This would limit the search results to only those
documents containing the two keywords.
ï” There are three most commonly used Boolean
operators, are AND, OR and NOT.
13. Assessing the validity and reliability of
sources using tools e.g., source,
appearance, method, timeliness,
applicability, balance (SAMTAB) methods
ï”Making notes and evaluating sources of information for reliability
and validity
14. Examining results of literature
search and critically evaluating to
provide a summary of current
knowledge about the research
topic
ï” Â Presenting literature reviews using academic writing and use of
Harvard referencing system
16. Referencing and the bibliography
As part of your dissertation, you must show where you found
all relevant pieces of information and historiography.
Referencin
g
ï” In your main text, you should include a
description of where you found each
relevant piece of information
Bibliograph
y
At the end of your dissertation you should
include a list of all the different sources
that you used
There are different ways to complete both of these
tasks
17. Referencing and the
bibliography
There are numerous options for referencing and bibliographies
but the two most commonly used are:
Oxford
ï” This involves using footnotes (small elevated numbers
next to each reference with details at the foot of
the page) and then a list of sources at the end of
the report
Harvard This uses in-text citations (naming the author and
published date in the main text body) before
giving a full list of all sources at the end
19. Oxford
referencingFor Oxford referencing:
1.Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, place a small,
superscript (elevated) number
Go to âAdd footnoteâ in the References section of Microsoft Word.
2.At the bottom of the page, write out the full details of the
source e.g. author, title, publisher, year and page number
3.At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list
of all sources used (no page numbers needed)
21. Oxford
referencing
Using ibid
If the source you are quoting is the exact same as the one above,
you can write ibid instead of writing out the entire source again
(1)Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades, Simon & Schuster, 2012, p37
(2)Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades, Oxford University Press,
1995, p212
(3)ibid, p317
22. Oxford
referencing
Using op cit
If the source you are quoting is one you have already used (but
not immediately above), you can write op cit instead of writing out
the entire source again
(1)Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades (Simon & Schuster, 2012) p24
(2)Jonathan Riley-Smith, A history of the Crusades (Oxford University Press,
1995) p212
(3)Asbridge, op cit, p43
23. Oxford
referencing
Source How to reference
Books Norman Davies, Europe at war: 1939-1945 (Pan Books, 2006),
page 29
Journals Stephen Mossman, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of
Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010), page 106
Websites Stephen Fry, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of
Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013,
http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/12/05/londonlibrary/
Documentaries "Britainâs Crimes of Honour," Panorama, BBC1, Mar 19, 2012,
television broadcast
24. Oxford
referencing
Bibliography
âą"Britainâs Crimes of Honour." Panorama. BBC1. Mar 19, 2012.
Television broadcast
âąDavies, Norman, Europe at war: 1939-1945, Pan Books, 2006
âąFry, Stephen, "A London Secret Shared," The New Adventures of
Stephen Fry, Dec 5, 2011, accessed Aug 8, 2013,
http://www.stephenfry.com/2011/ 12/05/londonlibrary/
âąMossman, Stephen, "Dorothea von Montau and the Masters of
Prague," Oxford German Studies, (2010)
26. Harvard
referencing
For Harvard referencing:
1.Next to the relevant fact, quotation, etc, in (brackets) write the
authorâs surname, published date and, if relevant, the page
number
(Prescott, 1910, p23)
2.At the end of the entire dissertation, include an alphabetical list
of all sources used (no page numbers needed)
28. Harvard
referencing
Source How to reference
Books (Davies, 2006, pages 33-35)
Websites (Peston, 2012)
Journals (Selman, 2012, pages 114-115)
Documentaries (Panorama: Britain's Crimes of Honour, 2012)
29. Harvard
referencing
Bibliography
âąDavies, Norman (2006). Europe at war 1939-1945. Pan Books
âąPanorama. (2012). Britainâs crimes of honour. BBC1 television, 19
March 2012
âąPeston, R. (2012). Can Tesco grow again in Britain? [Online] BBC
News. Last updated: 18 April 2012. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ business-17748586 [Accessed 19 April
2012]
âąSelman, P. (2012). The global decline of intercountry adoption: what
lies ahead? Social Policy and Society, 11(03)
31. Writing the
Bibliographyâą The Bibliography should be the final section of your report
âą The Bibliography does not count towards your word limit
âą The Bibliography must be in alphabetical order (either based
on all source types or split into sections e.g. books, websites)
âą Make sure you use consistent referencing throughout
âą The SQA recommend including a commentary on each source
32. Writing the
BibliographyOne possible layout
suggestionâŠ.
Source Comment
Geoff Layton, Weimar and the Rise of Nazi
Germany 1918-33, Hodder Murray, 2005
A good introductory text to the overall topic. It
included all main points although additional
sources were needed when researching specific
details about the main events
Finlay McKichan, Germany 1815-1939, Oliver &
Boyd, 1992
Similar to the Layton text, this is a good source for
gaining a background knowledge of the topic but
more in-depth sources were required to research
my specific issues
Spartacus Educational website, Nazi Germany
section, http://spartacus-
educational.com/GERnazigermany.htm
An excellent resource for primary sources. This
gave access to different primary views, split into
easily accessible sections, alongside a summary of
each event
Hinweis der Redaktion
Completing a Feasibility Study
A Feasibility Study needs to be completed as early in the Project Life Cycle as possible. The best time to complete it is when you have identified a range of different alternative solutions and you need to know which solution is the most feasible to implement. Hereâs how to do itâŠ
Step 1: Research the Business Drivers
In most cases, your project is being driven by a problem in the business. These problems are called âbusiness driversâ and you need to have a clear understanding of what they are, as part of your Feasibility Study.
For instance, the business driver might be that an IT system is outdated and is causing customer complaints, or that two businesses need to merge because of an acquisition. Regardless of the business driver, you need to get to the bottom of it so you fully understand the reasons why the project has been kicked off.
Find out why the business driver is important to the business, and why itâs critical that the project delivers a solution to it within a specified timeframe. Then find out what the impact will be to the business, if the project slips.
Step 2: Confirm the Alternative Solutions
Now you have a clear understanding of the business problem that the project addresses, you need to understand the alternative solutions available.
If itâs an IT system that is outdated, then your alternative solutions might include redeveloping the existing system, replacing it or merging it with another system.
Only with a clear understanding of the alternative solutions to the business problem, can you progress with the Feasibility Study.
Step 3: Determine the Feasibility
You now need to identify the feasibility of each solution. The question to ask of each alternative solution is âcan we deliver it on time and under budget?â
To answer this question, you need to use a variety of methods to assess the feasibility of each solution. Here are some examples of ways you can assess feasibility:
Research: Perform online research to see if other companies have implemented the same solutions and how they got on.
Prototyping: Identify the part of the solution that has the highest risk, and then build a sample of it to see if itâs possible to create.
Time-boxing: Complete some of the tasks in your project plan and measure how long it took vs. planned. If you delivered it on time, then you know that your planning is quite accurate.
Step 4: Choose a Preferred Solution
With the feasibility of each alternative solution known, the next step is to select a preferred solution to be delivered by your project. Choose the solution that; is most feasible to implement, has the lowest risk, and you have the highest confidence of delivering.
Youâve now chosen a solution to a known business problem, and you have a high degree of confidence that you can deliver that solution on time and under budget, as part of the project.
Step 5: Reassess at a lower level
Itâs now time to take your chosen solution and reassess its feasibility at a lower level. List all of the tasks that are needed to complete the solution. Then run those tasks by your team to see how long they think it will take to complete them. Add all of the tasks and timeframes to a project plan to see if you can do it all within the project deadline. Then ask your team to identify the highest risk tasks and get them to investigate them further to check that they are achievable. Use the techniques in Step 3 to give you a very high degree of confidence that itâs practically achievable. Then document all of the results in a Feasibility Study report.
Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning. It can be contrasted with scanning, which is reading in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names.
Skimming and scanning are two different reading skills. Skimming means looking at a text or chapter quickly in order to have a general idea of the contents. Scanning means looking at a text to find some particular information.
Skimming And Scanning: Two Important Strategies For Speeding Up Your Reading. Skimming and scanning are two very different strategies for speed reading. They are each used for different purposes, and they are not meant to be used all the time.