This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal.docx

This essay is the first in a series of three essays that will deal
with a single issue or event in the world today. In this essay,
you will be explaining the facts of your event or issue, not
presenting the various perspectives or your own personal view
on your issue. This is the place where you present a view of the
data the upcoming perspectives are based on.
You may choose to approach this assignment in one of several
ways, depending on your issue. You may choose to present a
timeline of events leading up to present day. You may choose to
present the basic concepts on which your issue rests. You may
choose to combine these approaches. However you approach
this assignment, you need to remember to retain an empirical
stance while striving to present your data in a unique,
interesting way.
Some tips to completing this assignment successfully:
· Try to find a unique angle or presentation for you issue in
order to engage the reader.
· Focus on one aspect of your broad issue--you're going for
depth, not breadth of coverage
· Remember to stick to an empirical stance. You will have the
chance to present the different sides of your issue, as well as
your own position, at a later date.
This essay must be at least 4 pages long, set in Times New
Roman font with 1-inch margins. Your text must be double-
spaced and you must use MLA format. Also, remember to cite
all information that you cull from outside sources.
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
Student’s name
Institution
Date
Literature Review: Childhood Obesity
The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States
has increased at such a rapid rate that this has been considered a
serious healthcare issue. This issue has attracted the attention of
policy makers, government agencies, and the community. Due
to the extent of the problem, a large number of researchers have
investigated a number of factors relating to childhood obesity.
One of the factors that have been investigated is the impact of
changing the attitudes of the patients towards obesity and
lifestyle factors that cause a risk factor. In this study, the main
factor being investigated is the impact of education on exercise
and diet on patients who have a BMI of more than 30. The
following is a summary of a review of the literature used to
determine the impact of educating patients on exercise and diet
changes.
Comparison of Research Questions
Most of the literature analyzed for this study focuses on the
intervention strategies for childhood obesity. Cheung et al.
seeks to understand the extent of the childhood obesity in
America. The research asks about the incidence of childhood
obesity in America in a bid to demonstrate the extent of the
problem.
Ickes et al. (2014) research question compares the intervention
strategies used in the American schools and international ones.
The main aim of this study is to determine the gaps in the
intervention used in American schools that has caused the

increased childhood obesity. On the other hand, Reilly (2006)
research investigates the interventions strategies for childhood
obesity in United States schools that have been applied
overtime. The research question for this study is to investigate
the effectiveness of each of the strategies that have been
applied.
McGrath (2017) directly investigates the effectiveness of having
an obesity education awareness program for the families of
children suffering from childhood obesity. The research asks
whether educating patients and family on the importance of
maintaining ideal weight and providing awareness on obesity
can help reduce the incidence of childhood obesity. Ross et al.
(2010) investigates the recommended interventions for
childhood obesity. The research question for this study seeks to
understand some of the most effective interventions strategies
to help reduce obesity among children in the United States.
On the other hand, Vine et al. (2013) seeks to understand the
role that primary care providers can play in improving the issue
of childhood obesity. The research asks whether primary care
providers have the capability to make a positive difference
through patient education to help reduce the incidence of
childhood obesity. Taveras et al. (2014) compares the
effectiveness of various interventions for childhood obesity.
The question for this study is whether various interventions
applied in primary care have the same impact on the reduction
of childhood obesity. Lastly, Janicke et al. (2014) investigates
the effectiveness of family lifestyle interventions in the
reduction of obesity. The question of this study asks whether
changing lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise can help to
reduce obesity in children.
Comparison of Sample Populations
All the researches that have been included in this study were
meta-analyses or reviews of literature except Taveras et al.
(2015) which included a randomized control trial. This study
included a sample of 649 children between 6 and 12 years. The
other studies were analyses of other researches that have been

done in the past on obesity. Janicke et al. (2014) analysed 20
studies whose sample sizes amount to 1,671 participants. On the
other hand, Ross et al. (2010) performed a review of 73 studies.
The research does not indicate the number of participants
represented by the analyzed studies. McGrath (2017) conducted
a literature analysis of 7 articles. There is a variation between
the sample sizes of the analyzed articles ranging from 12
participants to 9000 participants. Ickes et al. (2014) conducted a
systematic analysis including 12 studies whose samples sizes
range between 10 and 20 participants. In general the studies
that have been included in this research have generally small
sample sizes. Most of the studies are literature reviews with a
very low number of studies included in the analysis. None of
these studies is longitudinal in nature and the samples are very
small. Therefore, there is a high chance that the studies are
limited in terms of the choice of methods. The following is an
analysis of the limitations of each of the studies.
Comparison of the Limitations of the Studies
The limitations of the studies included in this research are
mainly in the choice of methodology, specifically the samples
and analysis methods used by the respective researchers. The
main limitation of Ickes et al. is that the review of research was
done in a narrative format. The study fails to utilize quantitative
methods to enhance the accuracy of the results. Qualitative data
analysis has a significant risk of inaccuracy. The study by
McGrath (2017) is limited by the very small sample size. The
review analyses less than 10 studies, which makes the chances
of inaccuracy to be very high. Additionally, the author has used
only qualitative techniques of data analysis, thus, increasing
chances of inaccuracy. On the other hand, Cheung et al. (2016)
is limited by the use of convenience data. The studies used in
this study were not primarily meant to study the research
question of the researcher. Therefore, there is a high chance of
inaccuracy in the results collected. Reilly (2006) fails to clearly
define the methodology used by the researcher. Therefore, it is
hard to ascertain the true strengths and limitations of the study.

Ross et al. (2013) is also limited by inconsistencies in the
research methodology. The study included research from more
than 100 studies but there are some studies that were not
specific to the research question. The researchers made the
closest connection to determine the results of the study. In
general, these studies have a significant chance of inaccuracy
and lack of reliability because of the limitations of the
methodologies employed by the researchers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the studies that have been analyzed for this
research demonstrate consistent results with regards to the
effective intervention strategies for childhood obesity. From the
studies it is clear that childhood obesity is an extensive problem
in the United States. The best interventions to this problem
include changes in the family lifestyle of the families. Lifestyle
changes include the increase of physical activity and the change
of the diets. Intervention within the primary care setting has
also been found to be an effective form of intervention for
childhood obesity. The primary care professionals can help
parents to reduce the extent of obesity in the American children
by implementing education strategies. These studies confirm the
hypothesis that education on lifestyles changes to the patients
and their families can help to reduce the incidence of childhood
obesity in the United States. Therefore, they can be used to
confirm the PICOT statement of this study which argues that
“Patients, who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than 30)
undertaking nutritional education, diet and exercise in
comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet, and
exercise, can have improved health outcomes in terms of overall
weight loss in a year’s time limit”.
References
Cheung, P. C., Cunningham, S. A., Narayan, K. V., & Kramer,
M. R. (2016). Childhood obesity incidence in the United States:
a systematic review. Childhood Obesity, 12(1), 1-11.
Ickes, M. J., McMullen, J., Haider, T., & Sharma, M. (2014).

Global school-based childhood obesity interventions: a
review. International journal of environmental research and
public health, 11(9), 8940-8961.
Janicke, D. M., Steele, R. G., Gayes, L. A., Lim, C. S., Clifford,
L. M., Schneider, E. M., ... & Westen, S. (2014). Systematic
review and meta-analysis of comprehensive behavioral family
lifestyle interventions addressing pediatric obesity. Journal of
pediatric psychology, 39(8), 809-825.
McGrath, S. M. (2017). Childhood Obesity Comorbitities
Awareness Hospital-based Education (Doctoral Dissertation),
Walden University, Minneapolis, Washington.
Reilly, J. J. (2006). Obesity in childhood and adolescence:
evidence based clinical and public health
perspectives. Postgraduate medical journal, 82(969), 429-437.
Ross, M. M., Kolbash, S., Cohen, G. M., & Skelton, J. A.
(2010). Multidisciplinary treatment of pediatric obesity:
nutrition evaluation and management. Nutrition in Clinical
Practice, 25(4), 327-334.
Taveras, E. M., Marshall, R., Kleinman, K. P., Gillman, M. W.,
Hacker, K., Horan, C. M., ... & Simon, S. R. (2015).
Comparative effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions in
pediatric primary care: a cluster-randomized clinical
trial. JAMA pediatrics, 169(6), 535-542.
Vine, M., Hargreaves, M. B., Briefel, R. R., & Orfield, C.
(2013). Expanding the role of primary care in the prevention
and treatment of childhood obesity: a review of clinic-and
community-based recommendations and interventions. Journal
of obesity, 2013.
Running head: PICOT STATEMENT 1
PICOT STATEMENT 6

PICOT Statement: Childhood Obesity
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
P-I--C-O-T Statement
P- Patients who suffer from obesity (BMI of more than
30)
I- Undertaking nutritional education, diet, and exercise
C- Comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet,
and exercise
O- Improved health outcomes in terms of overall weight
loss
T - A year’s time limit
PICOT Statement: Patients, who suffer from obesity (BMI of
more than 30) undertaking nutritional education, diet and
exercise in comparison to not taking nutritional education, diet,
and exercise, can have improved health outcomes in terms of
overall weight loss in a year’s time limit.
Introduction
Childhood obesity poses serious health problems in the US
as the number of overweight and obese population increases at a
rapid pace every year. The effects of this problem have arrested
the attention of policymakers, societal members, and
government agencies. This has resulted in ranking childhood
obesity as a national health concern. The adverse impacts of this
disease go beyond the health realms to include economic burden
on both personal and national budgets. While there are
numerous risk factors and various evidence-based interventions
to address this challenge, no single approach is consistently
efficacious in curbing the disease. Consequently, it is
imperative that efficacious initiatives and policies be developed
to address the never-ending problem of childhood obesity.
Multidisciplinary approaches are often broad and cut across all

dimensions of personal health problems. Instead of placing
emphasis solely on biomedical models, health care professionals
should also seek to promote behavior change among obesity
patients and their family members. A PICOT statement can be
utilized as an effective tool to seek interventions of addressing
childhood obesity.
PICOT Statement
Population
In the US, obesity prevalence is highest among children aged
from 6 to 11 years (Cheung et al. 2016). The disease has tripled
among this age group from 4.2 percent to 15.3 percent from
1963 to 2012. In the last three decades, increased cases of
obesity prevalence have been noted among children of all ages,
although the differences in obesity prevalence have been
recorded in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and gender (Cheung et
al. 2016). In this respect, children from socioeconomically
disadvantaged families and some racial and ethnic minorities
experience the higher median score on obesity than the
dominant white population. Higher obesity rates are often
recorded among blacks and Hispanics compared to whites. For
instance, a survey on girls in the Southwest revealed that the
yearly cases of obesity stood at 4.5 percent among Blacks, 2
percent among Hispanics, and 0.7 percent among white girls
aged from 13 to 17 years (Cheung et al. 2016). For low-income
earners, American Indians rank highest at 6.3 percent, followed
closely by Hispanics at 5.5 percent.
Intervention
Evidence-based interventions that seek to reduce childhood
obesity incidences in the country should target two major areas:
prevention and treatment. High-quality RCT has been proven as
one of the most effective preventative intervention, especially
in schools (Reilly, 2006). Such interventions involve making
changes on the school curriculum by introducing and improving
physical education, changing school meal provisions, and
reducing the television viewing hours. Schools should also
engage in promotional campaigns that encourage walking form

home to school (Ickes, McMullen, Haider & Sharma, 2014).
This intervention has been successful in most cases involving
girls in the sense that the risks of becoming obese are
significantly lowered. Treatment interventions should be limited
to motivated families and communities, in which the child and
parents perceive obesity as a problem. From a theoretical
perspective, treatments should be continued for longer periods
such as months to years. Diets should be modified, especially
with the use of regimen such as traffic light diet. Television
viewing habits should also be reduced (Ickes et al. 2014).
Furthermore, treatment should be aimed at encouraging families
to self-monitor their lifestyle. Finally, more time should be
offered for consulting with family members.
Comparison
Being a member of a multidisciplinary team, the nurse
practitioner performs the task of offering standardized care and
advocacy support for healthy community environments. In
addition, the nurse helps to ensures that there is proper
coverage, access to, and incentives for regular obesity
prevention, screening, diagnosis and treatment (Vine et al.
2013). There is also need to promote active living and healthy
eating at work. Finally, focus should be on promoting healthy
living during weight gain. There is also need to expand the role
of health care providers, in childhood obesity prevention.
Outcome
When a nurse is involved as one of the primary members in the
multidisciplinary team approach, the child should be guaranteed
of better continuity of care. The outcomes of interventions
should include reduced obesity risks and curriculum
adjustments for sustainable change to make it cost-effective
(Ross et al. 2010). The curriculum modifications should be
generalizable. One of the leading causes of failure of previous
interventions is that they targeted modifications at the micro
levels. This means that targeting individual children, families,
or schools make it harder to have positive outcomes or impacts
on the many other influences on weight status that affect the

environment at the macro levels. Obesity control efforts that
are successful should require a more macro-environmental
strategy in addition to the micro level behavioral adjustments.
Time
Obesity treatment and management should be a process that
takes months to years. This is because the focus should not just
be on the individual level, but also on the general behavioral
patterns of a person’s family, friends, and society at large (Ross
et al. 2010). Therefore, interventions should be
multidisciplinary and aim at changing the behavior of the
patient by promoting long term positive outcomes. Precautions
to monitor blood pressure can be done every two weeks or on a
monthly basis. Medications such as sibutramine can be utilized
for periods of up to one year. However, its use should be
discontinued in patients whose weight loss stabilizes at less
than five percent of their initial body weight.
References
Cheung, P. C., Cunningham, S. A., Narayan, K. V., & Kramer,
M. R. (2016). Childhood obesity
incidence in the United States: a systematic review. Childhood
Obesity, 12(1), 1-11.
Ickes, M. J., McMullen, J., Haider, T., & Sharma, M. (2014).
Global school-based childhood
obesity interventions: a review. International journal of
environmental research and
public health, 11(9), 8940-8961.
McGrath, S. M. (2017). Childhood Obesity Comorbitities
Awareness Hospital-based Education
(Doctoral Dissertation), Walden University, Minneapolis,
Washington.
Reilly, J. J. (2006). Obesity in childhood and adolescence:
evidence based clinical and public
health perspectives. Postgraduate medical journal, 82(969), 429-
437.
Ross, M. M., Kolbash, S., Cohen, G. M., & Skelton, J. A.

(2010). Multidisciplinary treatment of
pediatric obesity: nutrition evaluation and
management. Nutrition in Clinical
Practice, 25(4), 327-334.
Vine, M., Hargreaves, M. B., Briefel, R. R., & Orfield, C.
(2013). Expanding the role of primary
care in the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity: a
review of clinic-and
community-based recommendations and interventions. Journal
of obesity, 2013.
Top of Form
1
Unsatisfactory 0-71%
0.00%
2
Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%
75.00%
3
Satisfactory 76-79%
79.00%
4
Good 80-89%
89.00%
5
Excellent 90-100%
100.00%
60.0 %Content
5.0 %Background
Background section is not present.
Background section is present, but incomplete or otherwise
lacking in required detail.
Background section is present. Some minor details or elements
are missing but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.

Background section is present and complete. The submission
provides the basic information required.
Background section is present, complete, and incorporates
additional relevant details and critical thinking to engage the
reader.
5.0 %Problem Statement
Problem statement is not present.
Problem statement is present, but incomplete or otherwise
Problem statement is present. Some minor details or elements
Problem statement is present and complete. The submission
Problem statement is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Change Proposal Purpose
Purpose of change proposal is not present.
Purpose of change proposal is present, but incomplete or
otherwise lacking in required detail.
Purpose of change proposal is present. Some minor details or
elements are missing but the omission(s) do not impede
understanding.
Purpose of change proposal is present and complete. The
submission provides the basic information required.
Purpose of change proposal is present, complete, and
incorporates additional relevant details and critical thinking to
engage the reader.
5.0 %PICOT
PICOT is not present.
PICOT is present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in
required detail.
PICOT is present. Some minor details or elements are missing

but the omission(s) do not impede understanding.
PICOT is present and complete. The submission provides the
basic information required.
PICOT is present, complete, and incorporates additional
relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.
5.0 %Literature Search Strategy
Literature search strategy is not present.
Literature search strategy is present, but incomplete or
Literature search strategy is present. Some minor details or
understanding.
Literature search strategy is present and complete. The
Literature search strategy is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Literature Evaluation
Literature evaluation is not present.
Literature evaluation is present, but incomplete or otherwise
Literature evaluation is present. Some minor details or elements
Literature evaluation is present and complete. The submission
Literature evaluation is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Utilization of Change or Nursing Theory (2.2)
Theory utilization is not present.
Theory utilization content is present, but incomplete or
Theory utilization content is present. Some minor details or

understanding.
Theory utilization content is present and complete. The
Theory utilization content is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Proposed Implementation Plan with Outcome Measures
(3.2)
Implementation plan is not present.
Implementation plan is present, but incomplete or otherwise
Implementation plan is present. Some minor details or elements
Implementation plan is present and complete. The submission
Implementation plan is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation,
and a discussion of how these could be overcome (2.3)
Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation and
/or discussion component is not present.
Identification of potential barriers to plan implementation with
a discussion component is present, but is incomplete or
a discussion component is present. Some minor details or
understanding.
a discussion component is present and complete. The

a discussion component is present, complete, and incorporates
reader.
5.0 %Appendices Inclusive of Practice Immersion Clinical
Documentation (1.2)
Appendices are not present.
Appendices are present, but incomplete or otherwise lacking in
required detail.
Appendices are present with minor elements missing that do not
impede understanding.
Appendices are present and complete. The submission provides
the basic information required.
Appendices are present, complete, and incorporates additional
relevant details and critical thinking to engage the reader.
10.0 %Evidence of Revision
Final paper does not demonstrate incorporation of feedback or
evidence of revision on research critiques.
Incorporation of research critique feedback or evidence of
revision is incomplete.
Incorporation of research critique feedback and evidence of
revision are present.
Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and
revision is clearly provided.
Evidence of incorporation of research critique feedback and
revision is comprehensive and thoroughly developed.
30.0 %Organization and Effectiveness
10.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not
clear.
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper.

Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and
appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper.
Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
10.0 %Argument Logic and Construction
Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The
conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is
incoherent and uses noncredible sources.
Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks
consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some
sources have questionable credibility.
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The
argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument
logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources
used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the
thesis.
Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of
argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of
claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are
authoritative.
Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a
distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are
authoritative.
10.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation,
grammar, language use)
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or
sentence construction is used.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader.
Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are
present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not
overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence
structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may
be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence
structures and figures of speech.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic
English.
10.0 %Format
5.0 %Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and
assignment)
Template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is
rarely followed correctly.
Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or
mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent.
Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although
some minor errors may be present.
Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors
in formatting style.
All format elements are correct.
5.0 %Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and
style)
Sources are not documented.
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as
appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting
errors.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
although some formatting errors may be present.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
and format is mostly correct.
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as
appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
100 %Total Weightage

Bottom of Form
Mossa Alalwan
EN 111 02
02/27/2018
Environmental Pollution
Cardei, P., et al. "Elementary and complex simulation of a river
pollution in order to raise environmental training and
awareness." INMATEH-Agricultural Engineering 49.2 (2016):
99-106.
Secondly, the literal resource by Cardei et al. is a peer-reviewed
journal article. Cardei et al. primarily claim that incremental
simulation built on models of mathematics plays an important
role in creating environment awareness even in the field of
higher education. Main aim of the paper is to indicate how
numerical simulations play a critical role in physical processes
that serve to raise education and awareness on the environment.
Mainly, the emphasis is on making right choices depending on
complexity particular in the context of river pollution. This
resource will be important in the enabling enhanced training and
awareness on the need of environmental conservation.
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, et al.
Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution 2010: Part A-Ozone and
Particulate Matter. UN, 2010.
Thirdly, the resource by the United Nations is a publication of
an environmental convention. The contents of this paper claim
that particulate matter and ozone are the specific pollutants that
are identified to have detrimental human health impacts. Focus

and purpose of this paper are on globally set objectives on
quality of air as well hemispheric transportation and the effect
on air quality in both regional and local areas. Particularly, this
paper will be resources in the providing policies that have been
set based on international agreements on ways of managing and
conserving the environment in reducing environment pollution.
Tal, Alon. "Overpopulation Is Still The Problem." Huffpost,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alon-tal/overpopulation-is-still-
t_b_3990646.html.
Tal presents a newspaper article on the Huff post. The main
claim of this newspaper article is that some individuals have
used the print media platform to misinform on the issue of
overpopulation by stating that it is not and has never been a
challenge to the environment. Main objective of this article is to
emphasize on how overpopulation remains to be a menace to the
environment that leads to desertification, hunger and species
depletion. This resource will be useful in providing information
on how overpopulation trends have continued to impact on the
environment.
Mackenzie, Jillian. "Air Pollution: Everything You Need To
Know." NRDC, 2016, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-
pollution-everything-you-need-know.
The fifth article is from website resource specifically a
organization website. The main claim of this article is that
adversities on human health are the main effects of air pollution
due to its emphasis on all the major air pollutants leading to
adverse effects on human lives. It is the aim of this post and
article to highlight the basics about air pollution, its causes, its
effects, how to reduce air pollution and how to engage in health
protection. Usefulness of this article in the current assignment
will be on providing insights on air pollution through a detailed
coverage about it as one of the types of pollution.
Wolf, Sonja. "Drugs, violence, and corruption: Perspectives
from Mexico and Central America." Latin American Politics and
Society 58.1 (2016): 146-155.
The first resource by Wolf is a peer-reviewed journal article.

Wolf mainly claims that organized street and gang crime
activity has been on the increase and it stems from the drug
criminal groups that work to diversify their crime in response to
government efforts to curtail them. Other forms of crime that
increased included kidnappings, extortions and migrant
smuggling. Primarily, this particular article by Wolf aims at
highlighting the evils of corruption, drugs and violence and
their negative impacts on the societies of Central America and
Mexico. In relation to environmental pollution, the current
essay is about making the world better and eradicating the evils
of corruption, drugs and violence will be critical in effectively
promoting welfare on both environment and society fronts.
Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 1
Surname 1
Hashim alkhabbaz
Alison
EN111
7/13/2017
Introduction
According to an empirical study conducted by IPCC, 2,500
scientists, policymakers and economists identified human
activities to be the main cause of environment pollution (UN
234). Through this understanding, human beings have been able
to identify ways of reducing environmental pollution by 2030 to
2050. It is the aim of this paper to understanding environmental
pollution through the types, causes and its effects.
Types
Environmental pollution can mainly be categorized in three
types which are air, soil and water pollution.
· Air Pollution

Air pollution can mainly be described to be the atmospheric
contamination through the release of toxic gaseous chemicals
and fumes as well as particulate matter such as dust. The most
common air pollutants include nitrogen oxides, photochemical
ozone, carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur dioxide,
smog, hydrocarbons, radioactive matter and other airborne
particulate pollutants such as dust. In 2014, EPA estimated that
around 81% of greenhouse emissions were made up by carbon
dioxide and methane contributed about 11% to the overall
greenhouse gas emission (Macknzie np).
· Soil Pollution
Soil pollution is a type of environmental pollution that involves
release of harmful materials to the soil. For instance, spill
releases and leakages lead to contamination of soil. Most
common soil contaminants include harmful solvents,
hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as mercury and lead.
· Water Pollution
Water pollution can be understood as the release of harmful
materials into the ground water. The most common water
contaminants include untreated sewage, chemical contaminants,
agricultural chemicals, industrial waste and heavy metals such
as mercury and lead. Surface agricultural and urban runoffs
contributed to a greater extent of water pollution.
Apart from the above described main types of environmental
pollution, there are others which may include light pollution,
noise pollution, radioactive pollution, thermal pollution, visual
pollution and plastic pollution.
Causes
About 410 million tons of toxic waste is produced globally on
an annual basis. Industrialization has been a leading cause
featuring almost half of this waste amount in highly
industrialized nations such as America and China.
Establishment of industries has been on the rise more so in the
increased use of machines that are more effective and efficient
that manpower. This change was accompanied by the increased
fossil fuel utilization which was used in running the machines.

When fossil fuels are burnt for energy production, air pollution
is caused. Additionally, industries produce waste materials after
utilizing the raw materials in production. The waste material is
as a result disposed into the environment in soil, air or water.
For instance smog from industries lead to air pollution and acid
rain as well as the waste disposed into rivers (Cardei et al 7).
Regarding soil pollution, accumulating of waste in a field leads
to contamination of soil with harmful products that negatively
alter the soil composition.
Another cause is the increased function of transportation which
primarily utilizes fossil fuels for operation. Evolution of
transportation to mechanical means has over time been driven
by the need of faster and more convenient movement by human
beings. As a result, this evolution has led to increased used of
fossil fuels that continues to increase carbon emissions into the
atmosphere. Leakages experienced in motor vehicles also lead
to pollution of soil and water during run-offs.
Other human activities that lead to environment pollution are
agricultural activities. Based on the principle of convenience
and increased output, agricultural activities can be seen to
embrace more chemicals in food production and animal
husbandry. Consequently, the residues from pesticides and
herbicides have continued to accumulate in the environment.
Considering they are made of chemicals, they end up negatively
affecting the environment and its composition. An additional
attribution to this negative trend in agriculture is the rapid
growth of human populations. An estimated 200 million deaths
globally are related to hunger in the past 20 years (Tal
np).Therefore more food is on demand leading to need of
enhanced agricultural practices for purposes of adequate food
for the large populations.
Exploring the factor of overpopulation and rapid population
growths, it is a major cause of environmental pollution. Due to
increase populations, more land has to be cleared for settlement
leading to more bare land. Due to increased populations, more
pressures are subjected to the environment due to the

uncontrolled practices that lead to more environment pollution
(Wolf 7). For instance America produces approximately 25% of
total global carbon dioxide with China producing more (UN
153). Increased populations also lead to urban population
congestions that lead to increased social evils that eventually
end up being adversities to the environment. Therefore social
evils contributed a great deal towards environmental pollution
due to uncontrolled human behavior. Also due to the high
population pollution has led to a decline of visibility clarity and
distance of people by around 70 percent (Mackenzie np).
Trading has also led to the evolution of exchanges of goods and
services particularly driven by the aspect of profitability. As a
result, economic gains have prioritized more to environmental
conservation and this leads to continued environment pollution.
Effects
Environmental pollution leads to lack of clean water for
consumption like in the case whereby about 14,000 people die
daily due to contaminated water (Tal np). Human beings are
exposed to more physical harm due to the alteration of the
environment. Diseases have become more eminent among
human beings ranging from respiratory diseases that are caused
by air pollution to other intense diseases such as cancer. WHO
estimates urban air pollution caused about 800,000 human
deaths which is about 1.2 percent of total deaths as well as 6.4
million lost years of healthy living around the world as at 2000
(UN 226)
Apart from humans, animals are also adversely affected. Animal
species have overtime become extinct due to the changing
environmental conditions that do not favor their existence.
Additionally, release of harmful components to water, air and
soil leads to death and short lifespans of animals. Food chains
are altered and more animals are at risk with the environmental
pollution.
Plants are also affected considering that they are present in
water and soil. Change in climatic conditions leads to death and
extinction of plant species due to the unbearable earth

conditions. In the course of water and nutrient uptake, plants
also take up toxic chemicals and heavy metals leading to toxic
food which ends up in the bodies of animals and human beings.
Conclusion
In general, environmental pollution is an evil that must be dealt
with before it explodes to an uncontrollable situation. Human
activities are the main causes of environmental pollution and it
is important new strategies are formed towards approaching
human activities and conservation of the environment. Due to
this understanding, the world is reforming with reduced
emissions such as in Europe and North America where levels of
carbon emissions are projected to reduce between 15-45 percent
and 30-70 percent as at 2050 (UN 125).
Work Cited
Cardei, P., et al. "Elementary and complex simulation of a river
pollution in order to raise environmental training and
awareness." INMATEH-Agricultural Engineering 49.2 (2016):
99-106.
Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, et al.
Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution 2010: Part A-Ozone and
Particulate Matter. UN, 2010.
Mackenzie, Jillian. "Air Pollution: Everything You Need To
Know." NRDC, 2016, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-
pollution-everything-you-need-know.
Tal, Alon. "Overpopulation Is Still The Problem." Huffpost,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/alon-tal/overpopulation-is-still-
t_b_3990646.html.
Wolf, Sonja. "Drugs, violence, and corruption: Perspectives
from Mexico and Central America." Latin American Politics and
Society 58.1 (2016): 146-155.

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