3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process where 3D objects are created by laying down successive layers of material from a digital file. It works by using 3D modeling software to first design the virtual object, then a 3D printer builds it by laying down layers of material one by one, such as polymers, metals, or powders. There are several types of 3D printing that use different materials and techniques like stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering. 3D printing has many applications in industries like automotive, aerospace, medical, and prosthetics by allowing for customized parts, rapid prototyping, and reduced costs compared to traditional manufacturing. While it offers advantages
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3 d printing by muhammad haroon
1. 1
WHATIS 3D PRINTING???
3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid
objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive
processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of
material until the entire object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced
horizontal cross-section of the eventual object. Some of the final products are shown in the
figures
the successfull model of the
3D engine.
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HOW DOES 3D PRINTING WORKS?
It all starts with making a virtual design of the object you want
to create. This virtual design is made in a CAD (Computer Aided Design) file using a 3D modeling
program (for the creation of a totally new object) or with the use of a 3D scanner (to copy an
existing object). A 3D scanner makes a 3D digital copy of an object.
3D SCANNERS :
It use different technologies to generate a 3D model such as time-of-flight, structured /
modulated light, volumetric scanning and many more .Recently, many IT companies like
Microsoft and Google enabled their hardware to perform 3D scanning, a great example
is Microsoft’s Kinect. This is a clear sign that future hand-held devices like smartphones will
have integrated 3d scanners. Digitizing real objects into 3D models will become as easy as
taking a picture. Prices of 3D scanners range from very expensive professional industrial devices
to 30 USD DIY devices anyone can make at home. A type of scanner is shown in the figure.
HISTORY OF 3D PRINTING:
The technology for printing physical 3D objects from digital data was first developed by
Charles Hull in 1984. He named the technique as Stereo lithography and obtained a patent for
the technique in 1986. While Stereo lithography systems had become popular by the end of
1980s, other similar technologies such as Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Selective Laser
Sintering (SLS) were introduced.In 1993, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) patented
3. 3
anothertechnology, named "3 Dimensional Printing techniques", which is similar to theinkjet
technology used in 2D Printers. In 1996, three major products, "Genisys" from Stratasys,
"Actua 2100" from 3D Systems and "Z402" from Z Corporation, were introduced. In 2005, Z
Corp. launched a breakthrough product, named Spectrum Z510, which was the first high
definition color 3D Printer in the market. Another breakthrough in 3D Printing occurred in 2006
with the initiation of an open source project, named Reprap, which was aimed at developing a
selfreplicating
TYPES OF 3D PRINTING.
STEREO LITHOGRAPHY:
Stereo lithographic 3D printers (known as SLAs or stereo lithography apparatus) position a
perforated platform just below the surface of a vat of liquid photo curable polymer. A UV laser
beam then traces the first slice of an object on the surface of this liquid, causing a very thin
layer of photopolymer to harden. The perforated platform is then lowered very slightly and
another slice is traced out and hardened by the laser. Another slice is then created, and then
another, until a complete object has been printed and can be removed from the vat of
photopolymer, drained of excess liquid, and cured.
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING:
Here a hot thermoplastic is extruded from a temperature-controlled print
head to produce fairly robust objects to a high degree of accuracy.
Selective laser sintering (SLS):
This builds objects by using a laser to selectively fuse together
successive layers of a cocktail of powdered wax, ceramic, metal,
nylon or one of a range of other materials
Multi-jet modelling (MJM):
This again builds up objects from successive layers of powder, with an inkjet-like
print head sed to spray on a binder solution that glues only the required granules together.
The VFlash printer, manufactured by Canon, is low-cost 3D printer. It’s known to
build layers with a light-curable film. Unlike other printers, the VFlash builds its parts from the
top down.
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APPLICATIONS
3D PRINTED ORGANS:
3-D printing has paved the way for medical breakthroughs were
organs necessary to save a life have been able to made much more available than an
organ on a donor list While there is still much research to be done on printing actual
tissue and bonding it with humans, the vision is clear for medical miracles becoming
much more frequent Currently printed hearts and kidneys and more being utilized and
have saved countless patients
THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY:
3-D printingwill cutdownontime andenergyinrelationtoolder
manufacturingmethods Prototypeswill be availablequickerandwill be more accurate than traditional
methods Using special software, unique data, and laser sintering automotive manufacturers will
be able to make improvements to vehicles down to the smallest detail
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THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY:
Thats right! Even NASA is starting to utilize 3-D printing with their technology Even
recently NASA tested a rocket engine injector made from 3-D printing, and it passed In fact the
injector generated 10x more thrust than any other 3-D printed injector in the past NASA also
plans to put printed in outer space on the International Space Station to act as a small factory
.This application would cut down on supplies being brought up into space and there would no
more need for spare parts
WEAPONS INDUSTRY:
Imagine the ease of printing weapons over night rather than taking much
longer to manufacture Also, the benefit of having a portable printer on the battlefield could
mean the difference between life and death for soldiers The convenience of fixing a broken
weapon on a moments notice would be revolutionary.
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Prosthetics Industry:
The application for 3-D printed prosthetics is one of the most ingenious and
helpful applications imaginable Givinganamputee or a childbornmissinglimbsthe chance towalk
againor forthe firsttime ismore thanimportantThistechnologyisalreadybeingimplementedandis
makingan impactof countlessmen,women,andchildreninneedof prostheticaid.
ADVANTAGES:
1- Manufacture of customized products
2- Rapid prototyping
3- Low production cost
4- Elimination of storage cost
5- Creation of employment opportunities
6- Boon for organ donation
7- Reduce design complexity
8- Complex shape can be obtained
9- Easy to use no skilled person required
DISADVANTAGES:
1- Procees is slow
2- Components do not have enough strength
3- 3-D printers are still expensive
4- Cost of raw material
5- Although 3D printers have potential of creating many jobs ,they might also put certain
jobs at risk
7. 7
CONTENTS
1- 3D PRINTING
2- 3D SCANNERS
3- HISTORYOF 3D PRINTING
4- TYPES OF 3D PRINTING
5 -APPLICATIONS
6- ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGE
7- REFRENCES
8- CONCLUSION
