Based on Carranza,9th and 11th edition

1. “ HISTORY AND
BACKGROUND OF
PERIODONTICS”

2. Periodontics:
May be defined as “the clinical science that deals with the periodontium in health and disease
is called periodontology,the practice of which isperiodontics.”
(by Grant, Stern,Listgarten)
History of Periodontics can be divided into 5 parts:
-Pre historic era &Earlycivilizations
-Classical and Medievalages
-Modern era
-Nineteenth century
-Twentieth century

3. HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS…..
PREHISTORIC ERA & EARLYCIVILIZATION
Wide spread existence of oral diseasesin early humans hasbeen well established
through the recovery and study of human skeletal remains in many regions of the
world.
Thestudy of dental tissues in prehistoric humans hasalso
developed into aspecial discipline called “Paleostomatology”or “Paleopathology”.

4. Evidence of chronic periodontal disease as well as developmental malformations has
been found in the extensive paleolithic material available.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS…..

5. Neolithic Period
Evidence of any periodontal inventions during this period has not beenfound.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC

6. Early Civilization
Sumerian civilization is one of the oldest and worked with developing glazes to
be used on pottery and tiles.
Skeletal studies disclosed the presence of osteoarthritis of the TMJ, fractures,
periodontal infections, possible jaw tumours and cysts.
Babylonians over took the sumerians around 1830 to 1531B.C.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS…..

7. Assyrians co-existed with the babylonians for over 7 centuries.
The most significant work of babylonian and assyria that has been preserved is the
“CODE OF LAWS OF HAMMURABI“,the oldest known codificationof laws.
These laws were related to the practice of medicine, indicating that physicians and
surgeons were practicing their arts at this time.
Almost all of our knowledge of this civilization comes form the clay tablets of
the Great Libraryof Ashurbanipal, King of Assyeria.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC

8. GREECE, ROME AND BYZANTIUM
Greece
Remains to be an astonishing achievement.
Medicaments were sought to counter the nature of
imbalance.
The most significant figure in ancient greek
medicine was Hippocrates(460-377 B.C.)
He has been revered as
“The FatherOf Medicine”.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC
THE CLASSICAL WORLD

9. Hippocrates contribution to modern medicine are 3 folds:
- The importance of clinical observation.
- The value of letting nature help the healing process rather
than instituting various procedures that may be damaging.
- The concept of disease prevention through proper nutrition
and a healthy environment.
He described jaw dislocations and fractures.
Also observed mouth ulcers in many types of systemic diseases.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC

10. Rome
Roman civilization was based mainly on practical considerations of
governing and maintaining an empire.
Celsus (25B.C.-50A.D.)
Wrote a large work on medicine and named it “Celsus DeRe Medicina”.
He offered treatment for a number of periodontal
problems.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC

11. If blood escapes from the gums
Chew purslane
If it does no good then vinegar.
Also chew pears and apples.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTIC

12. Byzanthium
There were 4 major medical writers of this era:
- Oribasius
- Aetios ofAmida
- Alexander of Tralles
- Paul of Aegina
Information rendered by them include treatment of tooth ache (hypersensitive
tooth) through myrrh mouthwash and tubes ofcinquefoil.
Information regarding a dentrifice was also mentioned.
Burnt roots of birthwort and white salt mixed with honey and wrapped in the
leaves of fig tree were used.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS…..

13. The MiddleAges…
Historians have used the term Middle ages to refer to the period between the decline
and fall of Rome (410 A.D.) and rebirth of civilization in the beginning of 15th
century.
founding the 1st
Science and medicine developed slowly
Late middle ages were marked by
schools.
Medicine in the early middle ages was practiced by educated monks who were
essentially herbalists.
universities and medical

14. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

15. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

16. Had clear understandings of major
etiologic role of calculus deposits and
described the techniques of scaling
teeth with a set of
instruments which he developed.
HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS

17. • Also practiced orthodontics correcting gross occlusal abnormalities.
• Replacement of teeth by using bone of cattle carved to exact shape and size.
• Gave thedescriptions of frenectomy, mucous
• cysts and tumor like growth of gingiva.
HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

18. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..
Theodoric (1205-1296)
Understood the difference between the flow of blood in arteries and veins.
Recommended firm binding of wounds to stop hemorrhage
Also recommended suturing of wounds to prevent contamination.
Used soporofic sponge to relieve thepain of surgery.
Used advanced techniques for setting of fractures. Particularly in fracture
mandible suggested binding of teeth with gold wire/silk ligature.

20. • The renaissance or rebirth of classical civilization and culture spanned for 3
centuries
(14th – 17th).
• Science and medicine advanced enormously. Leading to major discoveries in
the modern era.
• Significant contribution were made to anatomy and surgery.
HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

21. HISTORY OF PERIODONTICS

22. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) Anatomist
considered as“Fatherof Modern Anatomy”
Performed human dissections and wrote a book on
anatomy with excellent illustrations.
HISTORYOF PERIODONTIC

23. Bartholomaeus Eustachius (1520-1574)
- Another outstanding anatomist.
-Wrote a small book on dentistry Libellus de dentibus (a little treatise on
teeth) in 30 chapters.
-This was the 1st original book on teeth and offered many new
descriptions and concepts based on research and clinical studies
which include description of periodontal tissues, diseases of mouth their
treatment modalities and rational of treatment.
-To treat periodontitis he advised both scaling of calculus and
curettage of granulation tissue.

24. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

25. The book which is specifically devoted to
Artzney Buchlein or Zene Artzeny (Medicine of Teeth) waspublished in
Leipzig in 1530.
Dental practice,named
The book contains 3 chapters devoted to periodontal problems,
including a crude concept of systemic and local factors of periodontal
diseases.
The presence of local infective agents or worms also is named. A variety
of ointments often astringent in nature aresuggested.
Binding of loose teeth to sound ones with silk or gold, cauterizing the
gingiva with hot iron is mentioned.

26. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

27. HISTORY OFPERIODONTICS…..

28. 18th Century
• Pierre Fauchard in his book, The Surgeon Dentist, published in 1728, gave respectability
to dentistry and developed a wide appreciation for the technical and surgical skills of the
dental practitioner.
• John Hunter wrote an excellent treatise on dentistry entitled The Natural History of the
Human Teeth with clear illustrations of the anatomy of the teeth and their supporting
structures. He also described the features of periodontal diseases and enunciated the
concept of active and passive eruption of teeth.
• A contemporary of Hunter, Thomas Berdmore (1740-85), was considered the outstanding
dentist in England . He published the Treatise in the Disorders and Deformities of the
Teeth and Gums in 1770, with several chapters devoted to periodontal problems

29. 19th Century
• Leonard Koecker – Use of astringent powder and tooth brush to maintain hygiene
after every meal
• Levi Spear Parmly – Father of Oral hygiene and inventor of dental floss
• John W. Riggs ----- Periodontitis as Riggs disease
• Horace Wells – Discovered Anaesthesia
• Carl Koller – LA (Cocaine)
• Thomas Bell Aldrich and Jokichi Takamine – Adrenline
• Louise Pasteur – Germ theory of disease

30. • The concepts of Pasteur were initially transferred to the clinical and surgical practice by
Joseph Lister (1827-1912) of England, and thus the era of antisepsis (and later, asepsis)
in surgery was born.
• Pasteur, Koch, and their collaborators and followers discovered the bacterial etiology of
numerous diseases (e.g., pneumonia, cholera, puerperal fever, diphtheria, meningitis,
plague, dysentery, syphilis) and gave birth to two sciences that became basic to
periodontics: bacteriology and immunology.
• Discovery of radiographs by the German physicist Wilhelm Rontgen (1845-1923).

31. • Virchow – Microscopic changes in inflammation ---- Pathogenesis of periodontal
diseases
• Adolph Witzel – First to identify bacteria as source of periodontal disease
• WD Miller – Nonspecific plaque hypothesis concept
• Leon Williams – Plaque
• G.V. Black coined the term gelatinous microbial plaque
• Moritz Karolyi – TFO

32. NUG :
• Recognized in the 4th century BCE by Xenophon, who mentioned that Greek soldiers
were affected with "sore mouth and foul-smelling breath.“
• In 1778, Hunter had described the clinical features of this disease and differentiated it
from scurvy and chronic periodontitis.
• Jean Vincent described the spirillum and fusiform bacilli associated with what later
became known as Vincent's angina, and in 1904 Vincent described these organisms in
acute ulceronecrotic gingivitis

33. 20th Century
VIENNA
• Gottlieb published extensive microscopic studies of periodontal diseases.
• Orban – Histologic studies on periodontal tissues
BERLIN
• Weski – Pioneer studies correlating radiographic and histopathologic changes in
periodontal diseases
• Neumann – Principles of periodontal flap surgery, including osseous recontouring

34. US and other countries:
• Hirschfeld – NSPT
• Alfred Fones – First school for Dental Hygienists in Connecticut
• Probably the most comprehensive book on periodontics published in the first half of
the 20th century was El Paradencio, Su Patologia y Tratamiento, by the Uruguayan
F. M. Pucci, which appeared in 1939.

35. Focal Infection :
• Sir William Hunter indicted dentistry as being the cause of oral sepsis, which in turn
caused rheumatic and other chronic diseases.
• This idea was taken up by Billings, Rosenow, and many others, who advocated
extractions of all teeth with periodontal or periapical infections to prevent systemic
diseases.
• The focal infection theory fell into disrepute when it was found that extractions
failed to eliminate or reduce the systemic diseases to which the infected teeth were
supposed to be linked. However, the concept has been revisited in the 1990s, this
time with a more solid research foundation.

36. Dental Implants :
• M. Maggiolo – solid – gold roots in human jaws
• A.E. Strock – Implanted Cobalt Chromium screws in tooth sockets
• Per Ingar Branemark – Titanium screw implants----- Concept of Osseointegration