2. 1. Foodborne illnesses are mostly caused
by physical hazards, such as fingernails,
glass, etc. getting into food.
2. Young children are more susceptible to
foodborne illnesses than adults.
3. Improperly cooled foods can lead to
foodborne illnesses.
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3. 4. Time and temperature controls are the
best methods to prevent
microorganisms from growing in food.
5. The best way to prevent hazards from
causing foodborne illness is to have
good sanitation and personal hygiene
programs.
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4. Be able to:
• Explain what a foodborne illness is
• Explain the dangers of foodborne illness
• Explain why young children are at risk
for foodborne illnesses
• Identify some of the most important
causes of foodborne illness
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5. • List several implications of foodborne
illness
• Explain what biological, chemical, and
physical hazards are
• List some microorganisms of greatest
concern
• Identify key practices for preventing
food hazards from contaminating food
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6. Occurs when a person gets sick from
eating contaminated food
Results in upset stomach to death
Caused by harmful microorganisms
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7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
76 million illnesses
325,000 hospitalizations
5,000 deaths
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9. “At-Risk People”
New microbes
New research findings
Use of fresh produce
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10. Food prepared away from home
International marketing and travel
Consolidation of food production/ processing
Food industry employees
Employee turnover rates
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11. Flu-like symptoms
Children: may be life threatening
Chronic illnesses
Hemolytic uremic syndrome, Guillain-
Barre syndrome, or reactive arthritis
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12. Legal fees
Medical claims
Lost wages
Cleaning and sanitizing costs
Food that must be discarded
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13. Bad publicity
Loss of confidence in facility
Embarrassment/remorse
Closing of facility
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14. Holding food too long in temperature zone
(41o
F to 140o
F)
Not heating or cooking to proper
temperature
Not cooling properly (to 70o
F or lower
within 2 hours, and from 70o
F to 41o
F
within 4 hours)
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15. Not reheating properly (to at least 165o
F
for 15 seconds within 2 hours)
Poor personal hygiene
Cross-contaminating food
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16. The transfer of harmful substances or
microorganisms to food by other food,
equipment and/or utensils, and people
Causes
Improper food handling practices
Poor employee personal hygiene
Improper cleaning and sanitizing of
equipment/utensils
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17. People are main agents of cross-
contamination
So, it is important to:
Follow practices to prevent cross-contamination
Follow time/temp control to prevent the growth
of microorganisms in food
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18. Harmful substances that can
contaminate food
3 types of Hazards
Biological
Chemical
Physical
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19. Include bacteria, viruses, parasites, and
fungi that can cause illness
Are present in natural environment where
food is grown
Cause more food borne illnesses than other
hazards
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20. Living, single-celled, microscopic organisms
Ex: Salmonellae and E.coli
2 types of bacteria as biological hazards
Pathogenic: cause infections
Toxigenic: produce harmful toxins
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21. Can be transmitted by
Water
Wind
Insects
Plants
Animals
People
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22. Thrive in
Scabs and wounds
The mouth, nose, throat
Intestines
Foods from plants and animals that are
Warm, moist, rich in protein, and neutral or low
in acid
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23. Can survive on clothes, skin, and hair
Some survive freezing, or high temperatures
Can be prevented from causing foodborne
illnesses by proper time/temperature
controls
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24. Small, simple, incomplete particles
- Ex: Hepatitis A virus
Transmitted by
Water and food
People and animals
Utensils and equipment
Food-contact areas
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25. May survive freezing and cooking
Need living host cells
Cannot
Live by themselves
Grow and multiply on food
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26. To keep viruses from causing foodborne
illnesses
Prevent cross-contamination
Practice proper personal hygiene
Realize the importance of handwashing
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27. A group of organisms that range from
microscopic, single-celled to very
large multicellular organisms
Ex: molds, yeasts, and mushrooms
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28. Grow as a tangled, fuzzy mass; can spread
rapidly
Grow on most foods at most storage
temperatures
Some, on cheeses, are a natural part of the
food
Molds can spoil food by discoloration and
unpleasant smell and taste
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29. Some produce toxins linked to cancer
in animals
• Cause serious infections and
allergies
• Discard moldy foods where mold is
not a natural part of the food
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30. Spoil food by consuming them
Require sugar and moisture to survive
Produce carbon dioxide and alcohol
Cause pink discoloration or sliminess
Cause food to bubble
No evidence that yeasts cause foodborne
illness
Spoiled food should be discarded
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31. Organisms that need a host to survive
Hosts are people, animals, or plants
Ex: Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella
spiralis
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32. Infections are caused by
Undercooked meats, fish
Cross-contamination
Eliminate parasites from causing
foodborne illnesses
Cook foods to proper internal temperatures
Prevent cross-contamination
Use frozen foods
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33. Important to determine:
Potential for contamination
Likely sources
Preventive measures to take
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34. Most deadly – very few cause illness
May be present in undercooked and/or
reheated ground meat products,
unpasteurized apple juice, others
Killed by cooking to recommended
minimum temperatures
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35. Very dangerous to children
Responsible for thousands of illnesses
each year
Found in raw or undercooked foods:
poultry, eggs, and meat
Killed by properly cooking foods
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36. Especially harmful to pregnant women and
the unborn
Grow slowly under refrigeration
Found in high moisture areas
Killed by pasteurization and cooking
Controlled by
Cold storage temperature and time
Keeping facility clean and dry
Proper reheating of cold-stored foods
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37. Transmitted through contaminated
water, raw milk, raw or undercooked
meat, poultry, and shellfish
Killed by proper cooking
Cause many cases of illness, but not
large outbreaks
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38. Associated with grain foods
Spores become active after cooking if
cooled slowly or if held too cool
(<140o
F)
Controlled by hot holding at 140o
F or
higher
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39. “the cafeteria germ”
Growth results from improper cooling,
reheating, holding
Found in soil, dust, sewage, and
intestinal tracts of humans and animals
Controlled by proper
cooking/cooling/reheating
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40. Transmitted by humans
Found in cuts, skin, pimples, noses, and
throats
Produce harmful toxin if contaminated food
out of temperature
Controlled by personal hygiene and by
holding procedures
Killed by proper cooking – but, toxin, once
formed, is NOT affected by heat
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41. Produce toxin - affect nervous system
May be fatal if not treated
Have been found in improperly canned
foods, garlic in oil, vacuum-packed food,
hazelnut yogurt, salsa, cheese sauce
Controlled by proper hot and cold holding
temps
AND, do NOT vacuum pack food in your
facility
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42. Cause inflammation of the liver
Often transferred by an infected employee
May be carried in cold cuts, sandwiches,
fruits, vegetables, and milk products
Controlled by sanitation and good personal
hygiene
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43. Harmful parasites, outdoor cats are hosts
May live in undercooked meat
Cause toxoplasmosis; an infection of the
central nervous system
Children/pregnant women “at risk”
Transmitted by cross-contamination
Controlled by proper cooking, hygiene, and
sanitation – keep cats off home countertops
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44. Meat and poultry products; plants
Main sources of organisms
Contaminated through growing conditions,
slaughter and processing or cross-
contamination
Controls needed from farm to table to
prevent food borne illness
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45. New illness-causing microorganisms
“Emerging” and “re-emerging”
organisms
HACCP reduces likelihood of
foodborne illness
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46. Raw food may contain organisms
Improper cooking, holding, etc. allow growth
New contamination may occur during
preparation, holding, etc
People may contaminate
Unsanitary facilities and equipment may
contaminate
Pests may contaminate
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47. 1. Food
2. Acidity (proper pH)
3. Temperature
4. Time
5. Oxygen/No oxygen
6. Moisture
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48. Limit amount of time food is in
temperature zone (41o
F to 140o
F)
Use hot and cold temperature controls
Dry food
Add vinegar, lemon juice, lactic acid, or
citric acid to make food more acidic
Food services focus on time and
temperature
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50. Chemicals that may contaminate food:
Naturally occurring chemicals
Chemicals added during processing
Chemicals used for cleaning,
sanitizing, and pest control
Toxic metal in cookware
Personal products
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53. Keep cleaners/sanitizers in original
containers with clear labels
Store cleaners/sanitizers separately
from food
Use proper amount of chemicals
Wash hands when through with
chemicals
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54. Wash fresh produce with plain water, brush
Monitor pest control operators
Keep food covered during pesticide
applications
Clean and sanitize equipment that may
have come into contact with pesticide
Limit access to chemicals
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55. Physical objects that contaminate food
Glass
Bone
Plastic
Personal effects
Metal shavings
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56. • Inspect equipment
• Avoid temporary “make-shift” repairs
• Remove staples from food boxes
• Use razor blades in secure devices
• Inspect raw materials
• Wear proper attire
• Avoid loose jewelry, acrylic nails, polish
• Use proper hair restraints
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57. • Store food in approved containers and bags
• Use commercial scoops to scoop ice
• Use separate ice for storage and for
beverages
• Store toothpicks and non-edibles away
from prep area
• Cover glass bulbs in preparation area
• Regularly clean can openers
• Throw away broken or chipped tableware
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58. Establish sound prerequisite programs
Know food hazards: biological,
chemical and physical
Implement regular employee training
program
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59. Develop and implement sound HACCP
program based on seven principles
Be committed to safe food – safe
customers
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60. John cuts up uncooked chicken on a cutting
board and then rinses the knife and the
cutting board in warm water. Then, he
uses the same board to slice melons. What
is wrong with what he did? What
microorganisms could contaminate the
food because of this practice?
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61. Your waiter served macaroni and cheese,
salad, and fresh apples for lunch. Two
children became sick. Their mothers
claim that it was from the food they ate
at lunch. The food service director says
that could not be possible because there
was no meat on the menu. Is this food
service director correct? Explain.
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62. Jagan, a new employee, is unloading
some packets of raw materials that
have just arrived. The cover of one
box is torn. It is not known where the
tear occurred. What should he do with
the box of materials ?
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63. Joy is putting some ingredients in the
refrigerator. He puts the lettuce salad
for today’s lunch under a pan of some
uncooked chicken. What is wrong
with what he did? Why?
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64. Rajan is cooking some hamburger
patties for lunch. he cooks them
until they are brown and the juices
run clear. Then he puts them in a
warmer until they are ready to be
served. What is wrong with what
she did?
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65. Biju is serving tuna noodle casserole for
lunch. He needs another pan of it but he
just started to reheat it. He needs to
serve it in a hurry. He touches the side of
the pan and it seems hot. He decides to
serve it as is. What is wrong with what
he did?
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66. Maya is serving macaroni and cheese.
She is wearing gloves. Her eyes begin
to water and tear so she wipes away a
tear with the back of her hand. She
continues serving the macaroni and
cheese. What is wrong with what she
did?
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67. Chicken Roast has been delivered to the
School from the Main kitchen. The delivery
truck was late and the maid needs to
serve the food right away. The containers
feel hot, so she does not check the
temperature before serving. What is
wrong with that?
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68. Chicken fajitas have been delivered to the
ladies and Gentlemen at the cafeteria from
the Main kitchen. They are supposed to
arrive cold and the food service assistant is
to reheat them. When he takes the chicken
out of the boxes, the containers feel like
they are at room temperature. He reheats
the chicken for five minutes and then serves
it. What is wrong with what he did?
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69. Ajit has just finished cutting up chicken. He
wipes that area he used with a clean cloth
and then rinses the cloth thoroughly. Later
he uses the same cloth to wipe out the
salad bowl before the lettuce salad is put
in it to be served for lunch. What is wrong
with what he did?
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70. Anita has just finished cutting up melon. She
wipes the area she used with a clean cloth
and rinses the cloth thoroughly. She uses
the same cloth to wipe out the bowl before
the cut melon is put in it to be served for
lunch. What is wrong with what she did?
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