2. Native v. Exotic
Native
Thousands of years of co-evolution with other
native plants and animals
Exotic
Introduced from other parts of the country or
world
Exists outside of the system that it evolved in
Not necessarily invasive (1,000 of 4,000)
3. Invasive v. Non-Invasive
As per Executive Order 13112 an
"invasive species" is defined as a species
that is:
1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem
under consideration and
2) whose introduction causes or is likely to
cause economic or environmental harm or
harm to human health.
Noxious Weeds: defined by MD Weed Control Law;
required to be removed: johnsongrass, shattercane,
and thistles
4. Primer on Invasives
How they get started
Imported in packing material or ballast water
Intentionally introduced: “seemed like a good
idea at the time”
Erosion control
Ornamental
5. Primer on Invasives
Why they are successful
Easy to grow
Quick solution to a problem
Easy landscaping
Lack of knowledge of consequences
Similar to Superman
No natural enemies
Easy to compete in the local climate/site
6. Primer on Invasives
Their impact
Damages and losses of more than $138 billion
per year nationally*
Crowd out native species
Reduce food and cover sources for native
species
Reduce biodiversity
*Pimentel, D.; R. Zuniga and D., Morrison (2005). "Update on the
environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species
in the United States.". Ecological Economics 52: 273–288.
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002
7. Ornamental Plants
• English ivy (Hedera helix)
• Oriental bittersweet
(Celastrus orbiculatus)
• Eulalia, flame grass,
zebra grass (Miscanthus
sinensis)
• Burning bush
(Euonymus alatus)
• Japanese Barberry
(Berberis thunbergii)
• Privet (Ligustrum spp)
• Norway maple
(Acer platanoides)
11. Oriental Bittersweet
(Clastrus orbiculatus)
• Can establish in dense shade, grows
along woodland edges, forest gaps
• Competitive advantage over native
bittersweet through photosynthetic
efficiency
• Climbs over trees increasing
possibility of wind damage, girdles
smaller trees
12. Lonicera japonica
Japanese honeysuckle
Introduced to Long
Island in 1806
Promoted for
ornamental use,
wildlife
Girdles trees, dense
groundcover
Semi-evergreen to
evergreen
18. Ailanthus altissima
tree of heaven
Introduced 1748 to
Philadelphia
Chemicals from
leaves and roots
hinder growth of
other plants
Aggressive roots
21. Garlic mustard
• Grows in forest
understories
and edges
• Reduces
establishment of
tree seedlings
• Threat to
survival of rare
butterfly
Pieris
virginiensis
22. Phragmites australis, common reed
Native and non-native strains
http://www.invasiveplants.net/diagnostic/diagnostic.asp
23. Control Measures
Mechanical
Hand pulling/cutting
High labor cost
Low dollar cost
May require repetition
Requires moderate access
Mowing
Moderate labor
Moderate dollar cost
Requires repetition
Requires high access
Grazing
High cost
Good for sites with difficult access
Good for sensitive sites
24.
25.
26. Control Measures
Chemical
Labor varies
Higher cost possible
Moderate access required
Possible collateral
damage
27. Effective Herbicide Treatments
Success with herbicides requires
• the most effective herbicide,
• applied using the correct method, and
• applied during the best time period.
28.
29. Herbicide Effectiveness
Broad spectrum, non-selective or narrow
spectrum, selective
- e.g. glyphosate vs. clopyralid
Soil activity
- e.g. glyphosate vs. imazapyr
Air temperature
- above 55 F and below 80 F
Plant phenology
- Evergreen vs. deciduous
30. Method and Timing of Application
Foliar spray
Wiping
Hack-and-squirt or
injection (late winter,
summer, not in spring)
Cut stump (late winter
and summer)
Basal bark treatment
(late winter, early
spring)
31. Sprayers
John D. Byrd, Mississippi State UniversityUSDA Forest Service – Region 8
Archive
35. Pests and Pathogens
Nevin Dawson, Forest Stewardship Educator
University of Maryland Cooperative Extension
Glenn (Dode) Gladders, Forest Health Specialist
Delaware Forest Service
Basic Biology
and
Current Threats
36. Basic Biology
Abiotic
Salt
Drought
Fertilizer
Herbicide
Frost/freeze
Gas leak
Air pollution
Soil compaction
38. Basic Biology
Defoliation Chewing mouthparts
Mandibles tear off
pieces of leaves
Results in defoliation
Plant loses ability to
photosynthesize
Mandible
39. Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar)
Defoliates
Larvae eats leaves in spring
Over 732,000 acres in eastern US in 2005
19,279 acres defoliated in Maryland in 2008
Slows growth
Trees become more sensitive to other
factors
Can be fatal if occurs two years in a row,
or subjected to additional factors
Prefer oak, but will feed on other
hardwoods
46. Feed in cambium and
disrupt water/nutrient
flow
Found in PGs Co. in „04
Eradication effort in „05
Detected in „06
Re-eradication effort in
„07 – ‟09
Monitoring and
biocontrol till
present
Emerald Ash Borer
47. D-shaped exit holes
Bark splits
Serpentine galleries
Symptoms of Attack by EAB
Courtesy of Al Sawyer
48. David Roberts,
MSU
MI Dept of
Agriculture
The upper third of
a tree dies back
first, followed by
the rest the next
year.
This is followed by
many shoots or
sprouts emerging
below dead portions
of the trunk.
S-shaped
galleries under
bark
Symptoms of attack by EAB
James W.
Smith
Courtesy of Mike Raupp
54. Basic Biology
Sucking Piercing and sucking
mouthparts
Insect removes
phloem or chlorophyll
from plant
Sometimes also
damages tissue
Cicada mouthparts
55. On the horizon
Coming soon to a forest near you!
Sirex wood wasp
Asian long horned beetle
56. Sirex Wood Wasp (Sirex noctilo)
Usually attacks pines
Also attacks spruce,
fir, larch, and douglas
fir
Native wasps only
attack dead and dying
trees
Injects fungus along
with eggs that serves
as food source for
larvae
57. Sirex Wood Wasp (Sirex noctilo)
Carries destructive fungus
Up to 80% mortality in pure stands
Adult females can fly up to 100 miles
Infestation can spread 5-15 miles per year
58. Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB)
• Adults are more than
1” long, shiny black
and white with long
antennae
• Bores into trunk and
branches
Anoplophora glabripennis
59. Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB)
Anoplophora glabripennis
• Frass (sawdust)
• Damage is done by larvae and
by adults emerging in the summer
61. Most Pathogens of Trees Are:
A. Fungi
B. Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. Mycoplasmas
62. Most Pathogens of Trees Are:
A. Fungi
B. Bacteria
C. Viruses
D. Mycoplasmas
63. Canker Diseases
Caused by various
pathogens, including
Nectria and
Botryosphaeria
Cankers often look like
wounds
Fruiting bodies may be
present around margins of
cankers
Almost all trees are
susceptible to one or more
canker-causing pathogens
64. Effects are variable depending on
host, pathogen, and environment.
Canker Diseases
65. Stress often plays an important role.
Stressed trees may be more
susceptible to these diseases than
stress-free trees
Drought
Wounds
Other stressors
May weaken trees to breaking point
Canker Diseases
66. Anthracnose Diseases
Many different diseases
Foliar symptoms & sometimes branch
cankers
Dogwood anthracnose has killed millions
of C. florida trees
Anthracnoses of ash, oak, maple,
sycamore, and most other trees are
generally much less serious
67. Vascular Diseases
Caused by various
pathogens, each with one to
several hosts genera
“Plumbing” problem
Verticillium wilt
Dutch elm disease
Blue stain
Oak wilt
Vascular staining
Often sticky spores that are
transported by insects
Mainly Ascomycetes (no
basidiocarps)
68. Dutch Elm Disease
Caused by Ophiostoma ulmi
Vectored by elm bark beetle
Has virtually eliminated American elm as a
street tree
New disease-resistant varieties are available
(Princeton)
70. Bacterial Leaf Scorch
Affects various trees but our main concern is RED OAKS
Graphocepha
la
versuta
Graphoceph
ala
coccinea
Aulacizes
irrorata
Oncometo
pia
undata
Photos courtesy of the U.S. National Arboretum
73. Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthera remorum)
AKA remorum blight and Phytophthera
canker disease
Discovered in CA in 2000
Probable introduction to MD in 2003
Found at three nursery sites, all eradicated
Spread by rain, soil, wind, and infected
plant material
Bark cankers may kill host
Leaf blight serves as reservoir
Certain species may only be either leaf
host or bark host
74. Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthera remorum)
White oaks probably not susceptible
Red oaks, rhododendron, blueberry,
poison ivy, honeysuckle, and viburnums
may all be susceptible
Bark infection
Large lesions
Secondary infestation by ambrosia beetles,
bark beetles, sapwood rotting fungus
Leaf infection
Brown to grey lesions anywhere in vascular
system
75. Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthera remorum)
Control
No known chemical control
Coordinate with MDA through HGIC for
diagnosis
If positive, state will coordinate
destruction of material
rhododendron
77. Importance of Tree Health
Keep a tree‟s defense systems active and
effective with water
Consider fertilizing
78. What you can do!
Monitor your land
Choose the best control method
and timing
Plan for restoration
Nature abhors a vacuum
How will you fill the gap?
disease cycles such as apple scab, verticillium, phytothphora(sp?), anthracnose, black-knot, cedar apple rustash flower gall, ash borer, cherry black knot fungus, mites on broad leaf trees, cedar-apple rust, gall formations on leaf and twigs, bleeding canker, verticillium, phytophora, aphids, leaf beetles, eastern tent caterpillar, spring/summer/fall webworm, powdery mildew, leaf miner, gypsy moth, EAB, anthracnose, scale insects, vascular diseases like DED & Elm Yellows. Try and stick with the Host specific insects and diseases.