1. Presented by: Shinette P. Salazar

2. SUB SAHARAN
AFRICA
is, geographically, the area of the
continent of Africa that lies south
of the Sahara. Politically, it consists of
all African countries that are fully or
partially located south of the Sahara
(excluding Sudan). It contrasts with
North Africa, which is considered a
part of the Arab world. Somalia,
Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are
geographically part of Sub-Saharan
Africa, but also part of the Arab world.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa)

4. In recent times, Africa has come to be seen both by itself and by
others, as more than a mere geographic entity. Its states share a history
of foreign desire for economic autonomy and development. Symbolic of
their conviction of common heritage and destiny is their participation in
the Organization of African Unity (OAU), as well as coordinated
diplomatic action on issues affecting Africa as a whole.
In 1415 Portuguese soldiers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to
establish small outputs on the Moroccan Coast. From the modest
beginning, a momentous historical process of European subjugation of
Africa was initiated. The forces of intrusion gathered momentum over
the centuries, reaching their peak with the “scramble of Africa” late in the
19th century.

5. EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM
 The social map was changed beyond
recognition, with novel categories of
class stratification and transformation
of lines of racial, ethnic, and religious
differentiation.
Colonialism defined the boundaries of the contemporary
political units; dominant political forces and leaders in many
countries began as moments of nationalist resistance.
 Economic infrastructure
and production of patterns
were shaped by the
interests and needs of the
colonial powers.

6. LEGACY OF THE COLONIAL STATE
The contemporary African state system is
affected in a number of ways by its colonial origins.
 The territorial definition of the state reflects the
administrative boundaries of the colonial partition.
 The colonial state was organized as a structure of
institutionalizing alien rule; its vocation was
domination of a subjugated population.
 Tradition of centralized, highly regulatory, and
interventionist management of the economy.

7. CONSTITUTIONAL FORMS
HEAD OF STATE
BASIS OF EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY

8. TABLE 1. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUB SAHARAN AFRICA COUNTRIES WITH ITS
CORRESPONDING CONSTITUTIONAL FORMS, HEAD OF STATE, AND BASIS OF
EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY
Country Constitutional Form Head of State Basis of Executive
Legitimacy
Algeria, Burkina Faso,
Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Djibouti,
Guinea-Bissau,
Madagascar, Mali,
Mauritania, Niger
São Tomé and Príncipe,
Senegal, Zimbabwe
R
E
P
U
B
L
I
C
E
X
E
C
U
T
I
V
E
Presidency
independent of
legislature; ministry
subject to
parliamentary
confidence

9. Angola, Benin,
Burundi, Cameroon,
Chad, Comoros, Côte
d'Ivoire, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Ghana,
Guinea, Kenya, Liberia,
Malawi, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nigeria,
Republic of the Congo,
Rwanda, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Sudan,
Tanzania, Togo,
Uganda, Zambia
R
E
P
U
B
L
I
C
E
X
E
C
U
T
I
V
E
Presidency is
independent of
legislature
TABLE 1. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUB SAHARAN AFRICA COUNTRIES WITH ITS
CORRESPONDING CONSTITUTIONAL FORMS, HEAD OF STATE, AND BASIS OF
EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY

10. Eritrea Republic Executive
Power
constitutionally
linked to a single
political movement
South Africa, Botswana
Swaziland
Republic
Absolute Monarchy
Executive
Executive
Presidency and
ministry are subject to
parliamentary
confidence
All authority vested in
absolute monarch
Cape Verde, Ethiopia,
Somalia
Lesotho
Republic
Constitutional
monarchy
Ceremonial
Ministry is subject to
parliamentary
confidence
TABLE 1. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUB SAHARAN AFRICA COUNTRIES WITH ITS
CORRESPONDING CONSTITUTIONAL FORMS, HEAD OF STATE, AND BASIS OF
EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY

11. Semi-presidential systems (Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to
parliamentary confidence)
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In
such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic,
but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister.
Full presidential systems (Presidency is independent of legislature)
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government.
There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the
pleasure of the president.
Transitional (Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement)
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are
classified with the current direction of change.

12. Mixed republican systems (Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary
confidence)
A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature, however they
are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet is).
Absolute monarchies (All authority vested in absolute monarch)
The head of state and head of government is a monarch with unlimited legal authority
Parliamentary republics (Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence)
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the
executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of
executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little (e.g. India)
or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function
is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.

13. Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the
executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also
leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly
separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers
must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence. The head of state is
a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the
consent of the government, the people or their representatives.

14. HEAD OF STATE
AND GOVERNMENT

15. TABLE 2. LIST OF CURRENT HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
STATE HEAD OF STATE HEAD OF GOVERNMENT
Algeria President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal
Angola President José Eduardo dos Santos
Benin President Yayi Boni Prime Minister Pascal Koupaki
Botswana President Lieutenant General Ian Khama
Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré Prime Minister Luc-Adolphe Tiao
Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza
Cameroon President Paul Biya Prime Minister Philémon Yang
Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister José Maria Neves
Central African Republic President Michel Djotodia Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye
Chad President General Idriss Déby Prime Minister Djimrangar Dadnadji
Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine
Congo President Denis Sassou Nguesso
Congo, Democratic
Republic
Of The
President Joseph Kabila Prime Minister Augustin Matata
Ponyo

16. Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Prime Minister Abdoulkader
Kamil Mohamed
Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema
Mbasogo
Prime Minister Vicente Ehate Tomi
Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki
Ethiopia President Girma Wolde-Giorgis Prime Minister Hailemariam
Desalegn
Gabon President Ali Bongo Ondimba Prime Minister Raymond Ndong
Sima
Gambia President Yahya Jammeh
Ghana President John Dramani Mahama
Guinea President Alpha Condé Prime Minister Mohamed Said
Fofana
Guinea-Bissau Acting President Manuel Serifo
Nhamadjo
Acting Prime Minister Rui Duarte de
Barros
Ivory Coast President Alassane Ouattara Prime Minister Daniel Kablan
Duncan
Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta
Lesotho King Letsie III Prime Minister Tom Thabane
Liberia President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Madagascar President of the High Authority of
Transition Andry Rajoelina
Prime Minister Omer Beriziky
Malawi President Joyce Banda
Mali Acting President Dioncounda
Traoré
Acting Prime Minister Django
Sissoko
Mauritania President Mohamed Ould Abdel
Aziz
Prime Minister Moulaye Ould
Mohamed Laghdaf

17. Mozambique President Armando Guebuza Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina
Namibia President Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister Hage Geingob
Niger President Mahamadou Issoufou Prime Minister Brigi Rafini
Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan
Rwanda President Paul Kagame Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi
Sao Tome And Principe President Manuel Pinto da Costa Prime Minister Gabriel Costa
Senegal President Macky Sall Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye
Seychelles President James Michel
Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai Koroma
Somalia President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon
South Africa President Jacob Zuma
Sudan President Omar al-Bashir
Swaziland King Mswati III Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso
Dlamini
Tanzania President Jakaya Kikwete President Jakaya Kikwete
Togo President Faure Gnassingbé Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu
Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi
Zambia President Michael Sata
Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai

18. BICAMERAL STATES OF AFRICA

19. UNICAMERAL STATES OF AFRICA

20. FOUR SUCCESSFUL
AFRICAN COUNTRIES

21. SIERRA
LEONE
SENEGAL
MALAWI
CAPE
VERDE

22. are four African countries that have made remarkable
progress in the last few years in establishing peace,
building democracy, and laying the groundwork for
economic prosperity.
Sierra Leone
Senegal
Malawi
Cape Verde
are four African countries that have made remarkable
progress in the last few years in establishing peace,
building democracy, and laying the groundwork for
economic prosperity.

23. THEIR LEADERS
Pres. Ernest Bai
Koroma of Sierra
Leone
Pres. Macky
Sall of Senegal
Pres. Joyce Banda
of Malawi
Prime Minister
José Maria Pereira Neves
of Cape Verde

24. At a public event sponsored by the U.S.
Institute of Peace, the African leaders discussed
how they are consolidating democratic gains and
promoting economic prosperity in their countries.
Building strong, independent, democratic
institutions, nurturing civil society and
entrepreneurship, promoting human rights and
women’s rights, involving youth in leadership
roles, and creating investor confidence were the
common themes that ran through their
discussions.

25. SIERRA LEONE
“We consider the
youth factor so important,”
said Sierra Leone President
Koroma, "[that] I have
committed my second term
to developing youths,
ensuring that … they are
empowered with what it
take[s] for them to realize the
benefits of the new
opportunities that are
imagined in the country.”

26. SENEGAL
Education, according to
Senegal President Sall, remains “the
cross-cutting issue” for his county.
“There's a proverb,” he said
via interpreter, “that says that if you
train a man, you train a citizen. If you
train a woman, you train a society
because a trained and educated
woman has her entire family …
benefit from her status.” This means,
Sall said, “everybody in society will
be educated and trained.”

27. MALAWI
“ We also have
implemented social programs
with the help of the IMF
[International Monetary Fund] to
make sure that we cushioned the
shock of the devaluation of 49
percent that we were forced to
implement last year in order to
bring our economy back on
track,” Banda said. “It also meant
introducing austerity measures,
including selling the presidential
jet and reducing my own salary
by 30 percent.”

28. CAPE VERDE
“Africa is the continent of the
future,” proclaimed Cape Verde Prime
Minister Neves. It can make that
claim, he said speaking through an
interpreter, only because of its rich
past and enormous current pool of
talented and capable citizens and
abundant natural resources.
But he added that there
cannot be economic development
without stability, democracy, and
political and social plurality. “I think
the most important thing we can do
for Africa is to build capable
governments,” he said.

29. POLITICAL PARTIES
OF AFRICA

30. POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA
 Partido Republicano de Angola (PREA), Republican Party of Angola.
The founder and President is Dr. Carlos Contreiras. "The Republican Party
of Angola- (Partido Republicano de Angola-PREA) is a voluntary political, nonprofit
organization formed in March 14 1988, and founded in August 1994 in the United
States of America (USA). PREA party is the third Angola’s largest political party.
 Southern Cameroon Youth League, SCYL
Organization opposed to the present government of Cameroon. "The
SCYL is not a Political Party. It is not a Njangi Group or a tribal or regional group of
Southern Cameroonians. It is a Non-Profit Political Freedom Fighting Organisation,
open not just for Southern Cameroonians alone but for all who cherish freedom and
supports the Southern Cameroons Total Independence Drive."

31.  Alliance Republicain Congo, ARC-Congo
Created in December 2000 as an organization to help promote
republican values." "Our mission is to build a free market society in the
Congo." Its President is Voka Mankenda. Has the ARC Manifesto.
 Eritrean People's Democratic Party, EPDP
Opposition party supporting democratic change through nonviolent
struggle. "The EPDP was formed on January 1, 2010 through the merger of
mainstream Eritrean opposition organizations which originated from the
Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) formed in 1961 and the Eritrean People’s
Liberation Front (EPLF)" "EPDP is a product of three political organizations,
Eritrean People’s Party, Eritrean Democratic Party, and Eritrean People’s
Movement“.
POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA

32.  Democratic Socialist Movement
"An independent mass working people's political party with a
socialist programme to provide an alternative to the existing
capitalist parties." In the 2003 election, supports the National
Conscience Party (NCP) "led by the lawyer and fighter for human
rights, Chief Gani Fawehinmi, who is also the party's presidential
candidate.“
 Movement for Democratic Change, MDC
The main opposition party. Its President is Morgan
Tsvangirai, former Secretary General of the Zimbabwe Congress of
Trade Unions. Has news, the party manifesto, policy papers, profiles
of leaders.
POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA

33. African National Congress
(ANC)
POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA
ANC is the Republic of South Africa's
governing political party, supported by
its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress
of South African Trade Unions
(COSATU) and the South African
Communist Party (SACP), since the
establishment of non-racial democracy
in April 1994. It defines itself as a
"disciplined force of the left".

34. The ANC deems itself a
force of national liberation in the post-apartheid
era; it officially defines its agenda as the
National Democratic Revolution. The ANC is a
member of the Socialist International. It also
sets forth the redressing of socio-economic
differences stemming from colonial- and
apartheid-era policies as a central focus of
ANC policy.
AFRICAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS (ANC)

35. PROMINENT LEADERS
OF AFRICA

36. JACOB GEDLEYIHLEKISA ZUMA
Significant economic improvements have been made
since the attainment of democracy, President Jacob
Zuma has said during his keynote address.
 Zuma became the President of
the ANC on 18 December 2007
after defeating incumbent
Thabo Mbeki at the ANC
conference in Polokwane.
 Zuma was also a member of
the South African Communist
Party (SACP), briefly serving
on the party's Politburo until he
left the party in 1990.

37. JACOB GEDLEYIHLEKISA ZUMA
“For a man who trades on personal popularity and
emollience, President Jacob Zuma's case for his
continued leadership of South Africa is strikingly
negative. Instead of setting out a vision of future
achievement, he stresses the mistakes he will avoid.”
One writer entitled his article:
“Analysis: Jacob Zuma has some
achievements but needs a vision for the
future”
Zuma has faced significant legal
challenges.
 In December 2005, Zuma was
charged with raping a 31-year
old woman at his home in
Forest Town, Gauteng, but was
acquitted.
 Zuma became embroiled in a
corruption related controversy.
 Alleged abuses by bodyguards
 Failure to disclose assets after
taking office as President of
South Africa

38. NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA
 born 18 July 1918
 is a South African anti-apartheid
revolutionary and politician who
served as President of South
Africa from 1994 to 1999.
 He was the first black South
African to hold the office, and the
first elected in a fully
representative, multiracial
election.
 His government focused on
dismantling the legacy of
apartheid through tackling
institutionalised racism, poverty
and inequality, and fostering racial
reconciliation.
 Politically an African nationalist
and democratic socialist, he
served as the President of the
African National Congress (ANC)
from 1991 to 1997.

39. LEGACY
 Mandela is widely
considered to be "the
father of the nation",
 and "the founding
father of democracy",
 being seen as "the
national liberator, the
saviour, its
Washington and
Lincoln rolled into
one".
NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA

40. IMAGE
 Across the world, Mandela
came to be seen as "a
moral authority" with a
great "concern for truth“.
 Considered friendly and
welcoming, Mandela
exhibited a "relaxed charm"
when talking to others,
including his opponents.
NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA

41. POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
 Mandela was an African
nationalist, an ideological
position he held since joining the
ANC. Also being "a democrat,
and a socialist".
 He held a conviction that
"inclusivity, accountability and
freedom of speech" were the
fundamentals of democracy, and
was driven by a belief in natural
and human rights.
 A democratic socialist, Mandela
was "openly opposed to
capitalism, private land-
ownership and the power of big
money“.
NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA