3. Objectives
At the end of this course the student should be able:
• Understand systematic way to determine the fetal lie,
presentation, position, attitude and station.
• Understand the proper definition of labor.
• Understand changes occurring about the cervix during
lobor.
• Understand the four stages of labor.
• Understand the cardinal movements of the fetus
during delivery.
4. CASE PRESENTATION
N.V 29 y.o female admitted on 14/12/2012 @ 4:10 AM
CC: lombopelvic pain for 7H on a pregnancy of 38 WA
ATCDs:
G1P0, LMP: 22/03/2012, EGA: 38W
ANC 7x
No pathology during pregnancy
No remarquable surgical history
BG: A+
HIV status –
5. Case cont’
P/E:
BP: 120/78 mmHg, P: 80bpm, Wt: 78kg, Ht: 162cm,
BMI: 29.7
CV and Respiratory system: NAD
Abdomen: soft, gravid uterus of SFH of 36 cm
Leopold maneuvers revealed a longitudinal
lie and cephalic presentation, 1 weak
and irregular contraction. FHR: 140 bpm
6. Case cont’
Pelvic:
cervix dilated at 2 cm, soft, posterior, and effaced for
40% with engagement of 5/5.
uterus was increased in volume, soft and immobile.
Pelvimetry: obstetrical conjugate > 11 cm, innominate
lines followed on anterior 2/3, subpubic angle was
large and interspinous diameter of around 10 cm
7. Case cont’
Conclusion: latent phase of labor
Plan: let labor progress
Do obstetrical U/S and FBC
U/S: IU monofetal pregnancy, CA+, FM+, AF suff,
placenta anterofundic grade II,
BPD: 94 cm, HC: 324 cm, AC: 314 cm, Fl: 73.5 cm
USMA: 36W6d, EFW: 2929±460 gr
Hb: 13.9g/dl
8. Time Contractio
ns
Cervix Engageme
nt
FHR Action
/plan
9:40 AM 2 weak and
irregular
Dilatat:2cm
Effacnt:
50%
5/5 140 bpm Monitor
FHR and
contraction
s
5: 40 AM 2 weak and
irregular
Dilatat:
3cm
Effacnt:
60%
4/5,
membranes
intact
136 bpm Monitor
FHR and
contraction
s
7: 15 PM Dilatat:
3cm
Effacnt:
70% some
cervical
edema
4/5 148 bpm R/
buscopan
40mg IVD,
AROM with
clear fluid
Monitor
labor
9:13 PM 2 regular
but weak
Dilatat:
5cm
Effacnt:
4/5 140bpm R/ ocytocin
5 IU/ 500ml
8d/min to
9.
10. Case cont’
@ 01:10 AM, 3 regular and strong contractions with fully
dilated and effaced cervix, FHR of 140 bpm descent 2/5
Plan: prepare for delivery
@ 01:28 AM, delivery of a female baby of 2800 gr APGAR
10/10 with episiotomy. Oxytocin 10 IU IM is given
@ 01:40 AM, spontaneous delivery of placenta.
Normal and complete placenta tissues
Suture of episiotomy
R/ ampicillin 2gr IVD. Uterus is well retracted
11. Time VS Uterus Vaginal
bleeding
Colustru
m
Fetus apprecia
tion
2:00 AM BP: 110/70
P: 92 bpm
Well
retracted
minimal present Normal
reflexes
Normal
PP
2:15 BP: 105/70
P:90 bpm
Well
retracted
Minimal present Normal
reflexes
Normal
PP
2:30 BP:
P:
Well
retracted
Minimal present Baby is
sucking
Normal
PP
2:45 BP:
P:
Well
retracted
Normal
lochia
present Normal
reflexes
Normal
PP
3:00 BP:
P:
Well
retracted
Normal
lochia
present Normal
reflexes
Normal
PP
Good
evolution
12. Case cont’
In summury:
1st stage: from 4:00 AM- 12:00 PM ( 20H)
Latent phase: 17H
Active phase: 3H ( 2cm/h of cervical dilatation)
2nd stage: from 12:00 PM- 1:30 PM ( 1H30min)
3rd stage: from 1:30- 1:40 PM ( 10 Min)
13. Normal labor and delivery cont’
DEFINITION OF LABOUR
progressive DILATATION and EFFACEMENT of
cervix,
normally associated with DESCENT of presenting part
• preterm (> 20 but < 37 weeks GA)
• term (37-42 weeks)
• post-term (> 42 weeks)
Braxton-Hick contractions: irregular, occur
throughout pregnancy and not associated with any
dilatation, effacement or descent
14. PHYSIOLOGIC PREPARATION FOR
LABOR
Lightening
Braxton Hicks contractions occur during the last 4-
8 weeks
Cervical changes during the course of several days to
several weeks before the onset of true labor
Bloody show following cervical changes and onset of
labor associated with release of cervical mucus plug
15. DEFINITION
Characteristic True Labor False Labor
Contractions
Rhythm Regular Irregular
Intervals Gradually shorten Unchanged
Intensity Gradually increases Unchanged
Cervical dilatation Yes No
Discomfort
Location Back and abdomen Lower abdomen
Sedation No effect Usually relieved
16. Physiology of labor cont’
Increased production of PGE2
Increased concentration of oxytocin receptors in relation to
uterine distention
As a result there is an increased response by the
myometrium to the oxytocin which then causes an increase
in the frequency and intensity of the contractions
This causes an increase in the release of prostaglandins
from the placental membranes during the contractions.
In this way, this process creates a continuous cycle of
activity that results in the development of labor.
17. Labor - Mechanics
Uterine contractions have two major goals:
To dilate cervix
To push the fetus through the birth canal
Success will depend on the four P’s:
Powers
Passenger
Passage
Psychosocial
18. Power
Uterine contractions
Power refers to the force generated by the
contraction of the uterine myometrium
Activity can be assessed by the simple observation
by the mother, palpation of the fundus, or external
tocodynamometry.
Contraction force can also be measured by direct
measurement of intrauterine pressure using
internal manometry or pressure transducers.
There is no specific criteria for adequate uterine
activity
Generally 3-5 contractions in a 10 minute period is
considered adequate labor
19. Passage
Passage = Pelvis
Consists of the bony pelvis and soft tissues of the
birth canal (cervix, pelvic floor musculature)
Small pelvic outlet can result in cephalopelvic
disproportion
Bony pelvis can be measured by pelvimetry but it
is not accurate and thus has been replaced by a
clinical trial of labor
22. Passenger
Passenger =fetus
Fetal variables that can affect labor:
Fetal size
Fetal Lie – longitudinal, transverse or oblique
Fetal presentation – vertex, breech, shoulder, compound
(vertex and hand), and funic (umbilical cord).
Attitude – degree of flexion or extension of the fetal head
Position
Station – degree of descent of the presenting part of the
fetus, measured in centimeters from the ischial spines
Number of fetuses
Presence of fetal anomalies – hydrocephalus,
sacrococcygeal teratoma
23. Normal labor and delivery cont’
THE FETUS
Fetal Lie
• refers to the orientation of the long axis of the fetus
with respect to the long axis of the uterus
(longitudinal, transverse, oblique)
• transverse/oblique often due to uterine anomalies
(C/S if they don’t convert)
Fetal Presentation
• refers to the fetal part presenting at pelvic outlet
breech (complete, frank, footling)
25. Normal labor cont’
cephalic
• vertex (area between fontanelles and laterally
by parietal eminences)
• brow/sinciput
• face
shoulder
compound (fetal extremity prolapses along with
presenting part)
• all except vertex are considered malpresentations (see
Abnormal Labour section)
26. Normal labour cont’
Fetal Position
• refers to position of fetal occiput in relation to maternal
pelvis
occiput anterior (OA): commonest presentation
(“normal")
occiput posterior (OP): most rotate spontaneously to OA;
may cause prolonged second stage of labour
occiput transverse (OT): leads to arrest of dilatation
• normally, fetal head enters maternal pelvis and engages in
OT position
subsequently rotates to OA position or OP (in a small
percentage of cases)
27. Normal labor and delivery cont’
Attitude
• refers to flexion/extension of fetal head relative to
shoulders
brow presentation: head partially extended (requires C/S)
face presentation: head fully extended (mentum posterior
always requires C/S, mentum anterior will deliver
vaginally)
Station
• refers to position of presenting part relative to ischial
spines
at ischial spines = station 0 = engaged
2 cm below ischial spines = station +2
28. Normal labor and delivery cont’
THE CERVIX
dilatation: latent phase: 0-3 cm; active phase: 4-10 cm
effacement: thinning of the cervix (25%-50%-100%)
consistency: soft vs. hard
position: posterior vs. anterior
application: contact between the cervix and
presenting part
Note: For Bishop Score, see Induction of Labour
section
29. Normal labor and delivery cont’
FOUR STAGES OF LABOUR
First Stage of Labour
latent phase
• uterine contractions typically infrequent and irregular
• slow cervical dilatation (usually to 3-4 cm) and effacement
active phase
• rapid cervical dilatation to full dilatation
(nulliparous ~1.2 cm/h and ~1.5 cm/h in multiparous)
• phase of maximum slope on Friedman curve (see Figure 6)
• painful, regular contractions ~q2 min, lasting 45-60 seconds
• contractions strongest at fundus, weakest at lower segment
30. Normal labour and delivery cont’
Second Stage of Labour
• from full dilatation to delivery of the baby
• mother feels a desire to bear down and push with each
contraction
• progress measured by descent
Third Stage of Labour
• separation and expulsion of the placenta
• can last up to 30 minutes before intervention indicated
• signs of placenta separation: gush of blood, lengthening of
cord, uterus becomes globular and fundus rises
31. Normal labor and delivery cont’
Fourth Stage of Labour
first postpartum hour
monitor vital signs and bleeding +/– oxytocin
repair lacerations
ensure uterus is contracted (palpate uterus and
monitor uterine bleeding)
3rd and 4th stages of labour most dangerous to the
mother (i.e. hemorrhage)
32. Normal labor and delivery cont’
Course of normal labor
Stage Nulliparous Multiparous
First 6-18 hours 2-10 hours
Second 2-10 hours 5-30 minutes
Third 5-30 minutes 5-30 minutes
Fourth 1st hour post placenta delivary
33. STAGES OF LABOR
Stage Nulliparous Multiparous
1st 6-18 H 2-10 H
2nd 30 min- 3 H 5-30 min
3rd 5-30 min 5-30 min
Course of normal labor
34. First stage
Latent phase:
uterine contractions are infrequent and irregular
slow cervical dilatation (usually to 3-4 cm) and
effacement
Active phase: Friedman subdivided the active phase
into the acceleration phase, the phase of maximum
slope, and the deceleration phase
36. First stage cont’
rapid cervical dilatation to full dilatation
nulliparous 1.2 cm/h,
multiparous 1.5 cm/h
painful, regular contractions q2-3 min, lasting 45-60
seconds
contractions strongest at fundus, weakest at lower
segment
37. Second Stage of Labor
This stage begins when cervical dilatation is complete
and ends with fetal delivery
mother feels a desire to bear down and push with each
contraction
progress measured by descent
38. Labor – Third Stage
The time from fetal delivery to delivery of the placenta
Three signs of placental separation:
Lengthening of umbilical cord
Gush of blood
Fundus becomes globular and more anteverted against
abdominal hand
39. Labor – Third Stage
Placenta is delivered using one hand on umbilical cord
with gentle downward traction. Other hand on abdomen
supporting the uterine fundus.
Risk factor for aggressive traction is uterine inversion.
Obstetrical emergency!!
Normal duration between 0-30 min for both PrimiG and
MultiG
From expulsion of the fetus to the delivery of the
placenta.
can last up to 30 min before intervention indicated
start oxytocin IV drip or give 10 U IM after delivery of
anterior shoulder
40. Fourth stage
First postpartum hour
monitor vital signs and bleeding
repair lacerations
ensure uterus is contracted
inspect placenta for completeness and umbilical cord
for presence of 2 arteries and 1 vein
3rd and 4th stages of labour most dangerous to the
mother
41. Labor
Freidman’s curve
is a good
guideline for
expected
progression in
labor and
therefore helpful
to note abnormal
labor patterns.
Labor NulliG MultiG
1st Stage Active phase
Duration 6-18 h 2-10 h
Dilation ~1 cm/h ~1.5 cm/h
Arrested >2 h >2h
2nd Stage 0.5-3 h 5-30 min
3rd Stage 0-30 min 0-30 min
43. Engagement
The mechanism
by which the
biparietal
diameter, the
greatest
transverse
diameter in an
occiput
presentation
passes through
the pelvic inlet
44. Descent
Descent is brought about by one
or more of four forces:
1) pressure of the amnionic fluid,
2) direct pressure of the fundus
upon the breech with
contractions,
3) bearing down efforts of
maternal abdominal muscles, and
4) extension and straightening of
the fetal body.
45. Flexion
It occur as long as the descending
head meets resistance, whether
from the cervix, walls of the
pelvis, or pelvic floor
the chin is brought into more
intimate contact with the fetal
thorax
The shorter suboccipitobregmatic
diameter is substituted for the
longer occipitofrontal diameter
46. Internal
Rotation
With the descent of the
head into the midpelvis,
rotation occurs so that
the sagittal suture
occupies the
anteroposterior diameter
of the pelvis
47. Extension
When the head presses upon
the pelvic floor, two forces
come into play:
The first force, exerted by the
uterus, acts more posteriorly,
and the second, supplied by the
resistant pelvic floor and the
symphysis, acts more anteriorly
and result in extension.
50. MANAGEMENT OF NORMAL
LABOR AND DELIVERY
At admission in labor ward:
Maternal vital signs: BP, P, T, RR
Vaginal Examination: Is performed unless there is
vaginal bleeding with unknown placenta site.
The number of vaginal examinations correlates with
infection-related morbidity, especially in cases of early
ROM.
51. At admission in labor ward cont’
Laboratory Studies:
FBC
Proteinurie in hypertensive women only
Women who have had no prenatal care should be
considered to be at risk for syphilis, hepatitis B, and
HIV tests. But also take Blood Group and Rhesus.
52. Management of the First Stage of
Labor
FHR is checked at least every 30 min in 1st stage and every
15 min in 2nd stage in absence of any abnormality
Evaluate the frequency, duration, and intensity of uterine
contractions.
T, P, and BP are evaluated at least every 4 hours
With prolonged ROM, defined as greater than 18 hours,
antibiotics for GBS prophylaxis is recommended
Periodic pelvic examinations are performed at 2- to 3-hour
intervals to evaluate labor progress
Bladder distension should be avoided.
Secure iv line
53. Management of the Second Stage of Labor
At this stage woman typically begins to bear down,
With descent of the presenting part, she develops the
urge to defecate
A woman is not encouraged to push beyond the
completion of each contraction
Get prepared for delivery
Delivery of the Head:
Perineum must be supported to prevent tear
Aspirating the nose and mouth immediately after
delivery of the head.
Ritgen maneuver allows controlled delivery of the
head.
54. Mgt of 2nd stage cont
Delivery of the Shoulders:
After delivery of the head, external rotation ( restitution)
occur.
Gentle downward traction is applied until the anterior
shoulder appears under the pubic arch
Next, by an upward movement, the posterior shoulder is
delivered
Give oxytocin 10 IU IM after delivery of the shoulders.
The rest of the body almost always follows the shoulders
without difficulty
55. Management of the Third Stage of
Labor
Placenta separates within 30 min
signs of placental separation:
1. The uterus becomes globular and firm
2. There is often a sudden gush of blood
3. The uterus rises in the abdomen
4. The umbilical cord elongates
Uterine massage following placental delivery is
recommended
56. Mgt of fourth Stage of Labor
The placenta, membranes, and umbilical cord should
be examined for completeness and for anomalies
The uterus and perineum should be frequently
evaluated.
Suture of episiotomy or lacerations if any
Maternal VS should be recorded immediately after
delivery and every 15 minutes for the first hour.
57. In Summary
Know the different stages of labor and their
management
Know the labor curve
Know the cardinal movements of labor
Know the causes of postpartum hemorrhage
58. REFERENCES
Cunningham, Leveno, Bloom,Hauth, Rouse, Spong:
Williams Obstetrics,23rd Ed. p374-405
Alan H. DeCherney, MD, Lauren Nathan, MD, T.
Murphy Goodwin, MD, Neri Laufer, MD: Current
Diagnosis & Treatment Obstetrics & Gynecology.
Toronto note
Tamara L. Callahan MD, MPP, Aaron B. Caughey MD,
MPP, MPH, PhD: Blueprints Obstetrics and
Gynecology 5th Ed. P36-55