Presentation that exposes the topic of discourse strategies and types of speech.

1. Openings and closings
Feedback in conversation
Cross-cultural variation
Gender differences

2. Culturally and contextually dependent
Formal and informal
Pre-closings
Greetings and leave-takings
Conversation starters

5. Gardner’s types of listener’s contributions:
•Continuers: mmhm, uh, huh
•Acknowledgments: mm, yeah
•Assessments: how awful, wonderful
•News markers: really?, is it?
•Questions: (Ask for details, repair
misunderstandings)
•Collaborative completions: (finish or repeat
another’s utterance)
•Non-verbal vocalizations: (laughter, sighs)

7. Types of speech
TALK AS INTERACTION
TALK AS TRANSACTION
TALK AS PERFORMANCE

8. TALK AS INTERACTION
MAIN FEATURES:
 Has a primarily social function.
 Reflects role relationships.
 Reflects speaker’s identity.
 May be formal or casual.
 Uses conversational conventions.
 Reflect degrees of politeness.
 Employs many generic words.
 Uses conversational register.
 Is jointly constructed.

9. TALK AS INTERACTION
SKILLS INVOLVED:
 Opening and closing conversations.
 Choosing topics.
 Making small talk.
 Recounting personal incidents and experiences.
 Turn-taking
 Using adjacency pairs.
 Interrupting.
 Reacting to others.

10. TALK AS INTERACTION
Examples:
 Chatting with someone on the bus, train,
plane.
 Chatting with friends, classmates, etc.
 Telling someone an experience lived.
 Sharing anecdotes, gossips, etc.

11. TALK AS TRANSACTION
Examples:
 Classroom group discussions and problem solving
activities.
 Discussing needed repairs to a computer with a
technician.
 Making a telephone call to obtain information.
 Asking someone for directions on the street.
 Buying something in a shop.
 Ordering food in a restaurant.

12. TALK AS TRANSACTION
Features:
 It has a primarily information focus.
 The main focus is the message and not the participants.
 Participants use communication strategies to make
themselves understood.
 There may be frequent questions, repetitions, and
comprehension checks.
 There may be negotiation and digression.
 Linguistic accuracy is not always important.

13. TALK AS TRANSACTION
Skills involved:
 Explaining a need or intention.
 Describing something.
 Asking questioning.
 Confirming information.
 Justifying an opinion.
 Making suggestions.
 Clarifying understanding.
 Making comparisons.
 Agreeing and disagreeing.

14. TALK AS PERFORMANCE
Examples:
 Giving a class report about something.
 Conducting a class debate.
 Giving a speech of welcome.
 Making a presentation.
 Giving a lecture/speech.

15. TALK AS PERFORMANCE
Main features:
 There is a focus on both message and audience.
 It reflects organization and sequencing.
 Form and accuracy are important.
 Language is more like written language.
 It is often monologic.

16. TALK AS PERFORMANCE
Skills involved:
 Using an appropriate format.
 Presenting information in an appropriate sequence.
 Maintaining audience engagement.
 Using correct pronunciation and grammar.
 Creating an effect on the audience.
 Using appropriate vocabulary.
 Using appropriate opening and closing.