The document summarizes Spanish Minister of Industry, Energy and Tourism's visit to Turkey from November 9-17, 2013. It includes visits to a school, work meetings, and a geothermal energy center. It also provides background information on geothermal energy in Turkey and Spain. Additionally, it describes several important historical cities in Turkey including Pamukkale, Sardis, Manisa, Ephesus, and Hierapolis.

1. SPANISH VISIT TO
TURKEY
9-17 NOVEMBER 2013

2. VISITING THE SCHOOL

6. WORK MEETINGS

7. WORK MEETINGS

8. WORK MEETINGS

9. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
CENTER

10.  Geothermal energy is thermal energy
generated and stored in the Earth.
 From hot springs, geothermal energy has
been used for bathing since Paleolithic
times and for space heating since ancient
Roman times, but it is now better known
for electricity generation.

11.  Turkey is one of the fortunate countries in terms of
gothermal energy, a clean, environmentally-friendly and
a renewable energy source. Turkey has the 7th largest
geothermal potential in the world and first in Europe with
approximately 2,000 MW potential.
 With four different geothermal exploration licenses,
Türkerler has started its geothermal drilling operations in
February 2011 near Alaşehir, Manisa. Following
successful results of the first wells, efforts are currently
continuing to build a 24 MW licensed binary power plant.
We are planning to reach 150 MW in this region and
generate 1.26 million kWh of energy.

14. Geothermal Energy in Spain

15. Geothermal spring

16. More about Geology: Pamukkale

19. Pamukkale
 Deriving from springs in a cliff almost
200m high overlooking the plain, calcite-
laden waters have created at Pamukkale
(Cotton Palace) an unreal landscape,
made up of mineral forests, petrified
waterfalls and a series of terraced basins.

20. History: Sardis
 Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia,[1] one of the
important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under
the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later
Roman and Byzantine times.
 The city was captured by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC, by
the Persians in the 6th, by the Athenians in the 5th, and by
Antiochus III the Great at the end of the 3rd century BC. In the
Persian era, Sardis was conquered by Cyrus the Great and formed
the end station for the Persian Royal Road which began in
Persepolis, capital of Persia. During the Ionian Revolt, the Athenians
burnt down the city. Sardis remained under Persian domination until
it surrendered to Alexander the Great in 334 BC

21. Sardis: Gold and Money
 The early Lydian kingdom was very advanced in the industrial arts and
Sardis was the chief seat of its manufactures. The most important of these
trades was the manufacture and dyeing of delicate woolen stuffs and
carpets. The stream Pactolus which flowed through the market-place
"carried golden sands" in early antiquity, which was in reality gold dust out of
Mount Tmolus. It was during the reign of King Croesus that the metallurgists
of Sardis discovered the secret of separating gold from silver, thereby
producing both metals of a purity never known before.[2] This was an
economic revolution, for while gold nuggets panned or mined were used as
currency, their purity was always suspect and a hindrance to trade. Such
nuggets or coinage were naturally occurring alloys of gold and silver known
as electrum and one could never know how much of it was gold and how
much was silver. Sardis now could mint nearly pure silver and gold coins,
the value of which could be—and was—trusted throughout the known world.
This revolution made Sardis rich and Croesus' name synonymous with
wealth itself. For this reason, Sardis is famed in history as the place where
modern currency was invented.

22. Historical Cities: Manisa
 Manisa (an earlier name Saruhan) has a very long history and its
first settlement dates back to as early as 14th century B.C. In 12th
century B.C., the city of Magnesia Ad Sipylum was founded. Some
600 years later the region was conquered by the great Persian king
- Cyprus II. In the 1st century, the city passed under Roman rule and
thus prospered as a rich and commercially active city. During this
period it first acquired the name Magnesiopolis and later became
Magnesia. After the Romans, for a century the kingdom was ruled
by the Christians (John 3 Ducas) and then was conquered by the
Turkmen tribes who made it the capital of their principality. They
also changed the name to Manisa.

23.  In 1390, Manisa was conquered by the Ottomans who
chose the city as the training ground for crown princes.
After 12 years the city passed into the hands of Timur
Lenk who restored the principality and later Manisa once
again was incorporated into Ottoman Empire. In the 16th
century, the Mesir Macunu festival was started in the
honor of the cure of Ayse Sultana, mother of Suleiman
the magnificent. "Mesir Macunu" or spiced candy, which
cured her, is made by mixing various spices and is
supposed to restore health, youth and potency.

24. Historical Cities: Ephesus
 Ephesus was founded as an Attic-Ionian colony in the 10th century
BC on the Ayasuluk Hill, three kilometers (1.9 miles) from the center
of ancient Ephesus (as attested by excavations at the Seljuk castle
during the 1990s).
 About 650 BC, Ephesus was attacked by the Cimmerians who razed
the city, including the temple of Artemis. After the Cimmerians had
been driven away, the city was ruled by a series of tyrants. After a
revolt by the people, Ephesus was ruled by a council called the
Kuretes. The city prospered again, producing a number of important
historical figures such as the elegiac poet Callinus [21] and the
iambic poet Hipponax, the philosopher Heraclitus, the great painter
Parrhasius and later the grammarian Zenodotos and physicians
Soranus and Rufus

25. Historical Cities: Ephesus
 About 560 BC, Ephesus was conquered by the Lydians under king Croesus.
He treated the inhabitants with respect, despite ruling harshly, and even
became the main contributor to the reconstruction of the temple of Artemis.
[22] His signature has been found on the base of one of the columns of the
temple (now on display in the British Museum). Croesus made the
populations of the different settlements around Ephesus regroup
(synoikismos) in the vicinity of the Temple of Artemis, enlarging the city.
 Later in the same century, the Lydians under Croesus invaded Persia. The
Ionians refused a peace offer from Cyrus the Great, siding with the Lydians
instead. After the Persians defeated Croesus, the Ionians offered to make
peace but Cyrus insisted that they surrender and become part of the empire.
[23] They were defeated by the Persian army commander Harpagos in 547
BC. The Persians then incorporated the Greek cities of Asia Minor into the
Achaemenid Empire. Those cities were then ruled by satraps.

26. Historical Cities: Ephesus

27. Religion: mosques

28. Religion: the house of Virgin Mary
(Ephesus)

29. Aracena caves stalactites

30. Stalactites and stalagmites
 The stalactite is above, and hangs downward like an
icicle; the stalagmite is below and sticks up. They grow
in pairs, the slightly acidic water dissolves some of the
limestone, carrying it downward. When the water
evaporates, the limestone appears to have flowed
downward. Some of the water does not evaporate until it
has fallen through the air, and landed on the floor, the
remaining limestone building the stalagmite. Sometimes
the stalactite is missing, as they sometimes break off
and fall; you will often see their pieces on the floor.

31. Hierapolis
 At the end of the 2nd century B.C. the
dynasty of the Attalids, the kings of
Pergamon, established the thermal spa of
Hierapolis on Pamukkale. The ruins of the
baths, temples and other Greek
monuments can be seen at the site.