That thing called perspective

That Thing Called
Perspective
Aljohn Ramirez, Kevin Lumbre, Kevin Bianzon, Pochie De la
Torre, Shalom Sabino, Lucylle Bianca Cawaling

Introduction
Perspective, we us it in almost every aspect in our everyday lives, from
computer games, movies, architecture, and art. There are so many ways in
which perspective plays a big role in our everyday world that we sometimes
tend to ignore it. Today, we will be focusing in the perspective elements in
design, photography, and art. And with that, we will also be tackling the history
of art, how perspective changed the way art was made. How people use
perspective in various fields. As they say, a different perspective can change the
way we see things, so how important is it?

Alberti’s Construction
• First written account of a
method of constructing
pictures in correct perspective
is found in a treatise written
by the learned humanist Leon
Battista Alberti.

Vanishing Point
-Centric point C
-the point in the picture directly
opposite the viewer’s eye
- “Central Vanishing Point”
- “Point of Convergence”
Orthogonals
-the ground plane AB in the picture
is divided equally, and each division point
is joined to C by a line.
-these are lines that run
perpendicular to the plane of the picture

Viewing Distance
-is how far a viewer
should stand from the
picture.
- line NR
- how far a viewer
should stand from the
picture.
Right Diagonal
Vanishing Point
- point R

Transversals
-perpendicular lines to the
line NB from the intersection
points by the lines of line NB
converging at R.
-they run parallel to the
ground line AB of the picture.
-they are also known as
horizontals.
Pavimenti
-diagonal points of the
squares in the grid that can be
joined by a straight line.
-mathematically correct
floors
Foreshortening
-the spacing of the square grids get smaller as the lines of the grid
get farther away from the viewer.

Activity
1. Draw the outline of the cube in any kind of paper. You have 2 minutes.
2. In a separate paper draw the outline of a Rubrics cube inside a bowl. You
have 5 minutes.

Explanation of Activity
MULTIPLE VANISHING POINTS
• 2 vanishing points= 2-point perspective

One-Point Perspective
• xz plane= projection plane
• xy plane= ground plane
• Rectangle= front plane =
always parallel and
perpendicular to the
ground plane.

Two-Point Perspective
• When the front plane is rotated about
the z-axis, it is no longer parallel to the
projection plane.
• However, it is still perpendicular to the
ground plane.
• When the front plane is viewed in
perspective, two vanishing points will
be observed.

Three-Point Perspective
• Front plane is further rotated, and it
will no longer be perpendicular to the
ground plane
• It is also not parallel to the projection
plane.
• The combination of these two factors
will lead three vanishing points, when
the front plane is view in perspective.

• Three point perspective uses all three sets of parallel lines of the
cube.
• Similar to two point perspective, one of the sets of parallel lines
aims toward the North point and the other set aims toward the East
point.
• The third set of lines projects toward the Nadir point (below you) or
the Zenish point (above you).
• Either Zenith or Nadir can be used with the same grid by spinning
the three point perspective grid 180 degrees. You can project all of
these lines with a straight edge.

Four-Point Perspective • the cube we are looking at is very tall and projects above you
and also goes below your eye level, these up and down lines
must project toward two points.
• the cube look fat in the middle, it also seems to get smaller as
it goes above and below your eye level.
• These lines, which used to be the up and down parallel lines
of the cube, are now curving in like a football coming together
at the Zenith and Nadir points.
• If you were on the twentieth floor of a skyscraper, looking
out the window at another skyscraper, forty stories high, you
would see this type of effect.
• A second type of four point perspective is what is called the
continuous four point perspective system. This system keeps
the Zenith and Nadir lines of the cube actually parallel, and
curves the North to South and East to West lines of the cub

Five-Point Perspective
• creates a circle on a piece of paper or canvas.
• You now can illustrate 180 degrees of visual space
around you.
• It captures everything from North to South and from
Nadir to Zenith.
• The hemisphere shows five vanishing points, north, on
the left, east in the middle and south on the right.
• There is also a point above your head and another
below your chin.
• One hundred and eighty degrees of the total
environment can be drawn in this hemisphere. Think of
how this would look on the flat surface. You would have
to rely on five point grid system on the flat page to do
the same thing, but it really will work.

Six-Point Perspective
The sixth (South) point is missing from five point perspective drawings. Within
five point we get half, or a hemisphere, of the visual world around us. To get the
rest of the picture, the the whole picture that is, you must add that last vanishing
point. You would have to turn around and look at the room BEHIND you to see
the rest of the room and to find that last point. If you were in the transparent
sphere in St. Peter’s Basilica you would have to copy not only what you see in
front of you, but everything behind you as well. A good way to do this on flat
paper is to draw the last vanishing point on the back side of the first drawing.
Yes, I mean on the back side of your first drawing. The same grid will help you
finish the total picture on this back side. When the rest of this picture is drawn
you have a 360 degree picture in all directions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df0qyYPl0NY&list=PLiCk2
I6PXl5qm0CTvO6zXt3k33GTmcIvk

Start of Linear Perspective
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), who
suggested a system that explained how
objects shrink in size according to their
position and distance from the eye.

Perspective drawing for Church of Santo Spirito in Florence

Fail attempts of Linear
perspective
St. Paul’s Cross

Reconstruction
of the Temple
of Jerusalem

Sample of linear perspective
in art
1 point perspective

Sample of linear perspective in paintings
1 point perspective

Basic structure
of 1 point
perspective
Vanishing point

Sample of linear perspective in paintings and drawings
2 point perspective

Perspective in Photography
• Perspective refers to the relationship of imaged objects in a photograph.
• This includes their relative positions and sizes and the space between them.
• perspective in the composition of a photograph is the way real three-
dimensional objects are pictured in a photograph that has a two-dimensional
plane.
• In photography, perspective is another illusion you use to produce
photographs of quality composition

Perspective in Photography
• When you are making pictures, the camera always creates perspective.
• Because a camera automatically produces perspective, many novice photographers
believe there is no need to know much about it.
• This attitude is far from correct. When you know the principles of perspective and
skillfully apply them, the photographs you produce show a good rendition of the
subject's form and shape, and the viewer is given the sensation of volume, space,
depth, and distance.
• Additionally, the photographer can manipulate perspective to change the illusion of
space and distance by either expanding or compressing these factors, therefore
providing a sense of scale within the picture.

Types
• Linear-
• Rectillinear-
• Vanishing Point-
• Height
• Overlap
• Dwindling Size’
• Volume
• Atmospheric

Some Examples
Photo by: Aljohn Ramirez

Forced Perspective
• Forced perspective is where you make objects in the distance seem larger,
smaller, closer or further away than they actually are, relative to your
foreground subject. The fun in this is creating trick images that.

Short History and Amazing Facts

Perspective began to emerge in the middle ages
• Artist understood that objects get smaller as they move further away
• But most art looked squashed flat surfaces were distorted and skewed
vertical

The Greeks and Romans understood liner
perspective
• Plato wrote that the arts of measuring, numbering and weighing things could
help us understand the magic and deception of our own eyes.

Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi
Re discoverd the the theory in the 15th century

Leonardo Da vinci invented
• A perspectograph to ‘’ trace ‘ a scene on glass
• Perspectographs were used well In to the 20th century

Masolino da Panicale was the first
• To use a central vanishing point in 1425

This was considered a breakthrough
• And shook the world of European art

Rafael Started using perspective
• In 1505

References:
• http://mathandmultimedia.com/2013/05/18/the-mathematics-of-perspective-drawing/
• http://termespheres.com/6-point-perspective/
• http://www.rugusavay.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Leon-Battista-Alberti-Quotes-2.jpg
• http://www.technologystudent.com/designpro/twopers1.htm
• http://www.termespheres.com/images/perspective/fivepointperspec_drawing.gif
• http://www.termespheres.com/images/perspective/fourpointperspec_drawing.gif
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Df0qyYPl0NY&list=PLiCk2I6PXl5qm0CTvO6zXt3k33G
TmcIvk
• Kevin Heng Ser Guan, “Perspective in Mathematics and Art”, National University Singapore

That thing called perspective

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