In Elizabethan England, people believed that one's personality and health were determined by which of the four humours - black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, or blood - was dominant. The four temperaments associated with each humour were melancholic (black bile), choleric (yellow bile), phlegmatic (phlegm), and sanguine (blood). Each temperament had distinct personality traits and tendencies that were believed to impact people's behaviors and dispositions.
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Four humours slideshow
1. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
introverted and thoughtful
pondering and considerate, concerned about
tardiness
highly creative in poetry and art
preoccupied with tragedy and cruelty of life;
pessimistic
tendency towards perfectionism
self-reliant and independent
often self-involved and forgetful
Melancholic
relaxed and quiet, ranging from warmly
attentive to lazily sluggish
content with themselves and are kind,
accepting and affectionate
receptive and shy and often prefer
stability to uncertainty and change
consistent, relaxed, calm, rational,
curious, and observant
good administrators
can also be passive-aggressive
Phlegmatic
ambitious; possessed of leadership
qualities
aggressive, with great energy, and/or
passion, and attempts to instill it in
others
domineering people of other
temperaments, especially phlegmatics
tend to be either highly disorganized
or highly organized
prone to deep and sudden depression/
mood swings.
Choleric
impulsive and pleasure-seeking;
sociable, charismatic and boisterous;
self-assured and confident; talkative;
sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful;
occasionally sarcastic
fond of social gatherings, but also seeks
solitude
very creative: “daydreamers”; struggles
with completing tasks, especially when
the activity becomes dull
chronically late and forgetful
Sanguine
Emotionally Unstable
Emotionally Stable
Introverted
Extroverted
blood < liver • AIR
yellow bile < spleen • FIRE
phlegm < lungs • WATER
black bile < gall bladder • EARTH
Choleric-MelancholicSanguine-Phlegmatic
Phlegmatic-Melancholic Choleric-Sanguine
4
Humours
The
HOT
COLD
MOIST DRY
C.Rush-
3/2012
The Four Humours and
How They Were Viewed
in Elizabethan England
2. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
introverted and thoughtful
pondering and considerate, concerned about
tardiness
highly creative in poetry and art
preoccupied with tragedy and cruelty of life;
pessimistic
tendency towards perfectionism
self-reliant and independent
often self-involved and forgetful
Melancholic
relaxed and quiet, ranging from warmly
attentive to lazily sluggish
content with themselves and are kind,
accepting and affectionate
receptive and shy and often prefer
stability to uncertainty and change
consistent, relaxed, calm, rational,
curious, and observant
good administrators
can also be passive-aggressive
Phlegmatic
ambitious; possessed of leadership
qualities
aggressive, with great energy, and/or
passion, and attempts to instill it in
others
domineering people of other
temperaments, especially phlegmatics
tend to be either highly disorganized
or highly organized
prone to deep and sudden depression/
mood swings.
Choleric
impulsive and pleasure-seeking;
sociable, charismatic and boisterous;
self-assured and confident; talkative;
sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful;
occasionally sarcastic
fond of social gatherings, but also seeks
solitude
very creative: “daydreamers”; struggles
with completing tasks, especially when
the activity becomes dull
chronically late and forgetful
Sanguine
Emotionally Unstable
Emotionally Stable
Introverted
Extroverted
blood < liver • AIR
yellow bile < spleen • FIRE
phlegm < lungs • WATER
black bile < gall bladder • EARTH
Choleric-MelancholicSanguine-Phlegmatic
Phlegmatic-Melancholic Choleric-Sanguine
4
Humours
The
HOT
COLD
MOIST DRY
C.Rush-
3/2012
3. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
introverted and thoughtful
pondering and considerate, concerned
about tardiness
highly creative in poetry and art
preoccupied with tragedy and cruelty of
life; pessimistic
tendency towards perfectionism
self-reliant and independent
often self-involved and forgetful
Melancholic
black bile < gall bladder • EARTH
“sad, gloomy, or depressed”
4. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
ambitious; possessed of leadership
qualities
aggressive, with great energy, and/or
passion, and attempts to instill it in others
domineering people of other
temperaments, especially phlegmatics
tend to be either highly disorganized or
highly organized
prone to deep and sudden depression/
mood swings.
Choleric
yellow bile < spleen • FIRE
“bad-tempered or irritable”
5. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
relaxed and quiet, ranging from
warmly attentive to lazily sluggish
content with themselves and are
kind, accepting and affectionate
receptive and shy and often prefer
stability to uncertainty and change
consistent, relaxed, calm, rational,
curious, and observant
good administrators
can also be passive-aggressive
Phlegmatic
phlegm < lungs • WATER
“unemotional and stolidly calm”
6. The Four Humours - Elizabethan
England
impulsive and pleasure-seeking;
sociable, charismatic and boisterous;
self-assured and confident; talkative;
sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful;
occasionally sarcastic
fond of social gatherings, but also
seeks solitude
very creative: “daydreamers”;
struggles with completing tasks,
especially when the activity becomes
dull
chronically late and forgetful
Sanguine
blood < liver • AIR
“cheerfully optimistic”
7. "Four Temperaments." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.
N.p., 26
Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Mar. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Temperaments>.
"Humorism." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., 19 Feb.
2012.
Web. 29 Mar. 2012.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism>.
Kazlev , M. Alan. "The Four Humours." Kheper:
Transformation,
Evolution, Metamorphosis. N.p., 16 Aug. 2004. Web. 28
Mar. 2012.
<http://www.kheper.net/topics/typology/four_humours.html>
.
McKean, Erin. The New Oxford American Dictionary. Second
ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.