2. 6.4.1 Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange
and cell respiration.
6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system.
A ventilation system is needed to maintain high
concentration gradients in the alveoli.
6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to
gas exchange.
This should include a large total surface area, a wall
consisting of a single layer of flattened cells, a film of
moisture and a dense network of capillaries.
3. 6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation
system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles
and alveoli.
Students should draw the alveoli in an inset diagram at
a higher magnification.
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs
in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the
internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm
and abdominal muscles.
Aim 7: Data logging involving spirometers or
ventilation rate monitors is possible here.
4. The Need for Gas Exchange
All living cells need energy all of the time for its metabolic processes
The required energy is provide by the process of Cell Respiration.
This process occurs in the mitochondria.
Cell respiration uses oxygen to break down large organic molecules
and release energy which is stored in the molecule ATP.
Cell respiration can be aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without
oxygen). Aerobic respiration releases more energy per molecule of
glucose than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration release about
5-7% of the energy that aerobic respiration does.
Hence the need for oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide is the waste product of cell respiration.
5. The Need for Gas Exchange
Humans therefore must take in oxygen from their surroundings and
release Carbon Dioxide. This process is called Gas Exchange.
Gas exchange happens in the Alveoli of the lungs.
Oxygen from the air in the lungs passes through the thin walls of the
alveoli, through the walls of the capillaries and into the blood. Carbon
dioxide moves in the opposite direction, from blood into the lungs.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is driven by the
concentration gradients between the air in the lungs and the blood.
To maintain these concentration gradients, the air in the alveoli must
be refreshed frequently.
The process of bringing fresh air into the alveoli and removing stale
air is called Ventilation.
6. Parts of the Ventilation System.
Ref: Rowland p205
7. The Ventilation System
Some main parts you should understand the function of
include:
The Lungs
The Trachea
The Alveoli
The Diaphragm
Intercostal Muscles
Air enters the nasal and buccal cavities and passes down
the trachea to the bronchi. There are two bronchi, one for
each lung. The large bronchi branch into smaller
Bronchioles and then into tiny Alveoli.
8. The Alveoli
There are a number of features of Alveoli that make them highly
efficient in their job of gas exchange.
They have a large surface area:
There are hundreds of millions of alveoli giving a huge overall surface area.
Remember SA/V ratio.
They have very thin walls:
The walls of the alveoli are only a single layer of flattened cells, meaning short
diffusion distances. The capillary walls are also very thin.
The walls are kept moist:
Cells in the alveolus walls secret a fluid which keeps the inner surface moist,
allowing gases to dissolve.
They have a very good blood supply
There is a dense network of blood capillaries with low oxygen and high carbon
dioxide concentrations surrounding the alveoli.
10. Breathing
Breathing is the process of ventilating the lungs.
This process is involuntary and is controlled by the
medulla oblongata (a part of the brain).
Taking air in is called Inhaling (inspiration) and removing
air from the lungs is called Exhaling (expiration).
Inhaling:
The intercostal muscles contract and moves the rib cage up and
out. The diaphragm contracts, moving down. This increases the
volume of the thorax. The pressure inside the thorax drops below
atmospheric pressure and so air flows into the lungs from outside
the body.
11. Breathing
Exhaling
The intercostal muscle relax and the ribcage moves down and in to its
original position. The diaphragm relaxes and moves up. This decrease the
volume of the thorax. The pressure inside the thorax rises above
atmospheric pressure and so air flows out from the lungs until the pressure
inside the lungs equals atmospheric pressure.
A normal breath will move about 500cm3
of air into the lungs. This is
called the tidal volume.
After a normal breath, you can inhale an extra 3000cm3
, the
inspiratory reserve volume.
If you breathe out as much air as you can you can expire about
4500cm3
of air, your vital capacity.
You can never exhale all of the air out of your lungs.
The air you can exhale after a normal breath is about 1100cm3
, the
expiratory reserve volume.
13. 6.4.1 Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange
and cell respiration.
6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system.
A ventilation system is needed to maintain high
concentration gradients in the alveoli.
6.4.3 Describe the features of alveoli that adapt them to
gas exchange.
This should include a large total surface area, a wall
consisting of a single layer of flattened cells, a film of
moisture and a dense network of capillaries.
14. 6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation
system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles
and alveoli.
Students should draw the alveoli in an inset diagram at
a higher magnification.
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs
in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the
internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm
and abdominal muscles.
Aim 7: Data logging involving spirometers or
ventilation rate monitors is possible here.
