A brief introduction to the research process for the student and teacher nurses. Please refer the books for details of the topic nursing research. kindly visit and subscribed my YouTube channel ' Bhuman '. Thank You !!

1. Research process
MR. SUSHIL SUDARSHAN HUMANE MSN, RN

2. Introduction
 Research process starts with the problem or a question and ends with the
answer to the question
 It is a sequential process
 The steps in quantitative and qualitative research are not the same

4. Research process in quantitative
research
Formulation of
research problem
Determining study
objective
Review of literature
Developing
conceptual
framework
Formulating
hypothesis and
assumptions
Selecting research
approach/design
Specifying the
population
Developing tool for
data collection
Establishing the
ethical
considerations
Conducting pilot
study/tryout of tool
Sample selection Data collection
Preparing data for
analysis
Analysis and
interpretation of data
Disseminating the
research

5. Formulating research problem
 It is a foremost step of nursing research
 It must be clearly defined and understood
 It is generally starts with a broad topic and later it is narrowed down to a
specific topic example: morning sickness symptoms of antenatal mother –
morning sickness symptoms during first trimester of antenatal mothers.
 Features:- originality, solvability and feasibility

6. Dimensions of research problem
 Substantiative dimension:-clinically or theoretically important
 Methodological dimension:- best possible way to study this problem
 Practical dimension:-adequate resources available to conduct the study
 Ethical dimension:- respect the rights of the research subjects

7. Determining the study objectives
 Clear direction to the research
 Must be defined by the researcher prior
 It provide guidelines to the research
 Objectives can be general and specific

8. Review of literature
 It is a summary of previous knowledge generated on the topic
 It act as a knowledge base for the current study
 The sources:- books, journal, research paper, unpublished thesis,
newspaper, magazines
 Skills required:- critical thinking, brainstorming, reading, comprehending,
analysis, synthesizing, summarizing


9. Developing conceptual framework
 A conceptual framework illustrate what you expect to find in the research
study.
 It provide meaning to the research problem

10. Formulating hypothesis/Assumptions
 Hypothesis: a statement may or may not be true but researcher assume it
as a answer to the question.
 It helps to identify the outcome of the study.
 It can either be accepted or rejected depending upon the evidence
produced by the researcher
 Assumptions:- a statements that somehow consider to be true before get
tested.
 These are the general beliefs of the people which have not necessarily
been proven

11. Selecting research approach/design
 Research design is a systematic plan to obtain answer to the question
 It involve the all information regarding the plan of the research
 There are three basic research approach: Experimental, quasi-experimental
and non-experimental.
 Each of the type is further divided into subtypes.
 Experimental:-control group and randomization
 Quasi-experimental:- either control group or randomization
 Non-experimental:- without manipulation in natural setting

12. Specifying the population
 Population is a group of all research subjects with the specific
characteristics
 Population helps the researcher to identify the area of interest

13. Developing tool for data collection
 It is a device that help the researcher to collect objective data regarding
the population.
 The tool can be depends upon the factors such as research design,
variables, subject researcher expertise, available sources and time of the
study.
 The tool and be existing one or can be developed by the researcher
 The newly develop tool can be used after establishing it validity and
reliability.
 The tool can be structured or semistructured

14. Establishing ethical considerations
 as the nursing research’s are related to human beings so need to consider
the ethical issues.
 To resolve these issues researcher need to:
 Take informed consent form the participant
 Avoiding error in data
 Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study
 Doing justice to participant in analyzing data
 Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject

15. Conducting pilot study
 It is a small scale rehearsal on the 10% of the research subjects
 The subjects are not the actual part of the study
 It is conducted to ensure the feasibility of the research design and the tool
used in the study

16. Sample selection
 The sample is a small part of the research subjects that represent the
population
 The samples can be selected by the probability or non-probability
sampling technique.
 Sample selection can be depends upon the many factors such as, nature of
the study, availability of time, money resources, and researchers
knowledge regarding the study population.

17. Data collection
 It is a direct or indirect interaction with the samples of the study
 The collection of the data can be done by using tool of the study
 It is most time consuming part of the study
 There are different methods of the data collection involves interviewing,
questioning, observation

18. Prepare data for analysis
 Careful checking of the every tool for completeness and its coding in the
excel sheet
 The code must be specify the only single piece of information

19. Analysis and interpretation
 The orderly and sequential data is analysed by using descriptive and
inferential statistics.
 Data can be analysed by using manual calculations or by the software
programme like statistical program for social sciences(SPSS)
 The data can be presented through tables, graphs, charts

20. Disseminating the research findings
 The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels
 It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or
presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.

21. Qualitative research
process
MR. SUSHIL HUMANE MSN, RN

22. Research process in qualitative
research
Identifying research
problem area
Formulating broad
study objective
Review of literature
Entry in the research
setting
Selecting research
approach/design
Select a small
sample
Establishing ethical
considerations
Planning tools for
data collection
Collecting data
Organizing data for
analysis
Analysis and
interpretation of
data
Disseminating the
research findings

23. Identification of research problem area
 A broad area is identified and general objectives are set
 Initially the researcher have less and understanding and knowledge
regarding the research area
 Because of this the formal plan cant be set in the qualitative research

24. Formulating broad study objectives
 It act as a guidelines to conduct the study.
 It can be modified based on the research need

25. Review of literature
 The literature review is important in qualitative research for gaining the
previous knowledge of the study subject
 It may produce bias in the interpretation of the data

26. Entry in the research setting
 The prior permission is taken from the authority and entry in research
setting
 ‘Key informants’

27. Selecting research approach/design
 Common designs:- Ethnographic study, phenomenology, grounded theory,
case study, historical research, action research etc.
 ethnographic research:- cultural aspects of groups
 Phenomenology:- description of experiences of people
 Grounded-theory:-
 Case study:- in-depth examination of people, objective, or institutions
 Historical:-identifying, locating, evaluating, and synthesizing data from the
past
 Action research:- leaning experiences

28. Selecting a small sample
 Generally small set of sample i.e 10-15 subjected were used
 No defined rules for number of samples in qualitative study

29. Establishing ethical considerations
 More intimate relationship may form between researcher and participant.
 Take informed consent form the participant
 Avoiding error in data
 Obtained permission form the authority to conduct study
 Doing justice to participant in analyzing data
 Maintain confidentiality of the information and anonymity of subject

30. Planning tool for data collection
 Generally semi-structured or unstructured tool is used for the data
collection
 Usually the items are open ended
 The methods used:- tape recording, focus group interview, photograph,
reflective journals, field notes, transcript, cumulative diaries, etc.

31. Collecting data
 Common methods:- interview and observation
 Common skills:- rapport building and confidence establishment

32. Organizing data for analysis
 Organizing the data using techniques:-
 Listing
 Categorizing
 Comparing
 Laddering

33. Analysis and interpretation of data
 It start with data collection and go alongside
 Focus is on words rather than numbers
 Analysis can be done by descriptive coding, indexing, narrations,
integrative diagrams, thematic analysis, etc.


34. Disseminating the research findings
 The research findings must be disseminated through the proper channels
 It is communicated through writing the research thesis, article, or
presenting an oral research report at scientific professional conferences.

35. References
 Suresh k. sharma. nursing research and statistics. 2nd edition.
 Polit, D.F. & Beck, C.T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and
assessing evidence for nursing practice.