2. Item Activities that Energy How
the item does Source Energy Is
Released?
Automobile
Dogs
Flashlight
Flowers
Humans

3. Cellular Respiration
Objectives:
(1) Define metabolism and give its significance to
YOU
(2) Identify the parts of mitochondria and give the
function of each
(3) Draw the complete equation of cellular respiration
and its opposite reaction
(4) Summarize how glucose is broken down in the
first stage of cellular respiration.

4. Cellular Respiration
Objectives:
(5)Describe how ATP is made in the stages of
cellular respiration.
(6) Identify the role of and importance of
fermentation in the second stage of cellular
respiration.
(7) Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic
respiration.

6.  is a series of reactions
where fats, proteins,
and carbohydrates,
mostly glucose, are
broken down to make
CO2, water, and
energy (ATP).

7.  Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process
like burning fuel
 Releases much of the energy in food to make
ATP
 This ATP provides cells with the energy they
need to carry out the activities of life.
 C6H12O6+O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

8. Glucose Breakdown: Summary Reaction
Oxidation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose
Reduction
 Electronsare removed from substrates and
received by oxygen, which combines with
H+ to become water.
 Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
8

10. Cristae: location
of the electron
transport chain
(ETC)
Matrix: location
Outer membrane of the prep
reaction and the
Inner membrane
citric acid cycle
Intermembrane space matrix cristae
45,000
© Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited

13. FOOD
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Simple sugars Fatty acids Amino acids
and glycerol
stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION

14. fuels
stages of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Simple Fatty Amino
sugars acids acids
and
glycerol

15.  Most of the energy
from cell
respiration is
converted into ATP
 ATP is a substance
that powers most
cell activities.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
glucose
Cytoplasm
glycolysis
2 ATP
net NADH
2 4 or 6 ATP
2 pyruvate
Electron transport chain
2 NADH 6 ATP
2 acetyl CoA
Mitochondrion
2 CO2
6 NADH 18 ATP
Citric acid
cycle
2 ATP
2 FADH2 4 ATPP
4 CO2
6 O2 6 H2 O
subtotal subtotal
4 ATP 32 ATP
or 34
36 or 38 ATP
total
16

17. Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
17

18. Cellular Respiration
Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
•Glycolysis
Glucose is
broken down
to pyruvate
making 2 ATP.

19. Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
19

22. Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
22

23. FERMENTATION
•the anaerobic conversion of
sugar to carbon dioxide and
alcohol/acid
• Alcoholic Fermentation - yeasts
• Lactic Acid Fermentation -
humans, fungi, and bacteria

24. FERMENTATION
Alcoholic Fermentation
e.g. yeasts
produce alcohol and CO2
• bread, beer, wine

25. Lactic Acid Fermentation
e.g. humans, some bacteria & fungi
muscle tissue ferments lactic acid when O2
is not delivered to cells
Lactate producing bacteria – used in the
production of cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut.
other products: acetic acid, butyric acid,
isopropanol etc.

26.  Where in the cell does
 Cytoplasm
gylcolysis occur?
 Fate of glucose in the
 Fructose (isomer)
beginning of gylcolysis?
 Invest 2 ATP get 4
 Explain “it takes energy to
make energy”?
 Net= 2 ATP
 How much net ATP is
 CO2 + NADH
made?
 Lactate or alcohol
 What else is made?
 2 types of fermentation?

27.  Pyruvate is a pivotal metabolite in cellular
respiration
 If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation,
an anaerobic process, occurs in the cytoplasm.
 During fermentation, glucose is incompletely
metabolized to lactate, or to CO2 and alcohol
(depending on the organism).
 If O2 is available to the cell, pyruvate enters the
mitochondria for aerobic respiration.
27

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
28

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
29

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
© The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer
30

31.  Advantages
 Provides a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activity.
 Disadvantages
 Lactate and alcohol are toxic to cells.
 Lactate changes pH and causes muscles to fatigue.
▪ Oxygen debt
 Yeast die from the alcohol they produce by fermentation
 Efficiency of Fermentation
 Two ATP produced per glucose of molecule during fermentation is
equivalent to 14.6 kcal.
 Complete oxidation of glucose can yield 686 kcal.
 Only 2 ATP per glucose are produced, compared to 36 or 38 ATP
molecules per glucose produced by cellular respiration.
31

32. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fermentation
inputs outputs
glucose 2 lactate or
2 alcohol and 2
CO2
2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP net gain
32

33. Pyruvate enters mitochondrion
(matrix)
It is oxidized to 2 carbon acetyl groups
NADH is formed
CO2 is removed (waste product)

34.  Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle
 End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the
mitochondrial matrix
 Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon acetyl group
 Attached to Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
 Electron are picked up (as hydrogen atom) by NAD +
 CO2 is released and transported out of mitochondria into
34
the cytoplasm

35. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2 NAD+ 2 NADH
O OH
C CoA
2 C O + 2 CoA 2 C O + 2 CO2
CH3 CH 3 carbon
pyruvate acetyl CoA dioxide
2 pyruvate + 2 CoA 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon
dioxide
35

36. Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP
•Krebs Cycle
is a series of reactions that
produce energy-storing molecules
during aerobic respiration.

37. Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
37

38.  Completes the breakdown of glucose
 Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it
down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up
in CO2 and H2O
 Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and
loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce
NADH and FADH2
 Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up
the coenzymes with H+ and electrons which
move to the 3rd stage

40. CO2 & H2O
NADH &
FADH
2 more ATP

42.  What are the reactants?  Pyruvate (C3)
 What is produced?  2 ATP, CO2, NADH,
FADH
 What is NADH? FADH?
 Energy carriers
 What is CoA and why is it
important?  Escort molecule to Krebs
cycle

43. Goal: to break down NADH and
FADH2, pumping H+ into the outer
compartment of the mitochondria
Where: Cristae of the mitochondria
Electron Transport
Phosphorylation typically produces
32 ATP's

44.  Electron carriers loaded with electrons and
protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this
chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
 As electrons drop down stairs, energy
released to form a total of 32 ATP
 Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up
electrons and protons and in doing so
becomes water

46.  ATP is
generated as
H+ moves
down its
concentration
gradient
through a
special
enzyme called
ATP synthase

47. Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
47

48.  Glycolysis: 2 ATP
 Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
 Electron Transport Phosphorylation: 32
ATP
 Each NADH produced in the conversion of
pyruvate to acetyl COA and Krebs Cycle is
worth 3 ATP (8 x 3 = 24)
 Each FADH2 is worth 2 ATP (2 x 2 = 4)
 4 + 24 + 4 = 32
 Net Energy Production:

50.  Net yield per glucose:
 From glycolysis – 2 ATP
 From citric acid cycle – 2 ATP
 From electron transport chain – 32 or 34 ATP
 Energy content:
 Reactant (glucose) 686 kcal
 Energy yield (36 ATP) 263 kcal
 Efficiency is 39%
 The rest of the energy from glucose is lost as heat
50

51.  36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
 Glycolysis 2 ATP
 Kreb’s 2 ATP
 Electron Transport 32 0r 34 ATP
36 or 38 ATP

52.  Occurs in the chlorophyll-bearing cells
of plants
 Needs the presence of light
 Water and carbon dioxide are used
 Oxygen is given off as a waste product
 Food is built or synthesized
 The weight of the plant is increased
 Energy is stored

53.  I. Draw and label the parts of a
mitochondrion. Give the function of each
part.
 II. Complete the table below on cellular
respiration.

54. I. Draw and label the parts of a mitochondrion. Give the function of each part.
II. Complete the table below on cellular respiration.
PHASE/PROCESS LOCATION PRODUCTS ATP
PRODUCED
NADH's,
___________________ matrix 2FADH2's, acetyl
coA and 2 CO2
________________ _______________
Glycolysis 2
________________ _________________ Water, NADH, _____________
FADH
_________________ NADH and _____________
Preparatory reaction releases CO2
*Organism involve
Fermentation ________________ Alcohol & CO2 _________
________________ _______________
Net total of ATP produced/glucose molecule = __________

55.  1. In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are
ultimately broken down into:
 A. acetyl-CoA B. CO2 C. H2O D. O2
 2. In the process of catabolism, protein is broken
into
 A. sugar B. amino acids C. glucose D. fatty acids
 3. Which process of aerobic respiration takes
place in the cytoplasm and NOT in the
mitochondria?
 A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. fermentation
D. ATP synthesis

56.  4. In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize
ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also
can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present,
via the process of:
 A. fermentation B. oxidative phosphorylation
C. aerobic respiration D. photophosphorylation
 5. The final electron acceptor in cellular
respiration is
 A. ATP. D. NADPH.
 B. oxygen. E. carbon dioxide.
 C. glyceraldehyde-3-phospate (G3P)

57.  6. Which of the following does not occur in
fermentation?
 A. carbon dioxide is produced
 B. sugar is broken down
 C oxygen is formed
 D. energy is released
 7. What is the net total of ATP produced during
aerobic respiration
 A. 2 ATP C. 36 ATP
 B. 32 ATP D. 39 ATP

58.  8. Which process of aerobic respiration takes
place in the cristae of mitochondria?
 A. Glycolysis B. Citric Acid Cycle cycle C.
Preparatory reaction D. Electron Transport Chain
 9. All of the following are common to respiration
and fermentation except one
 A. energy is released
 B. carbon dioxide is produced
 C. sugar molecules are broken down
 D. alcohol is formed
