Initially, paper was made out of fibres from mulberry bark,papyrus, straw or cotton. Wood only emerged as the chief raw material for paper mass production as recently as the mid 19th century. The printed page is immediate, its message cutting across cultures; a tactile experience that demands attention and creates desire. It is a passport to knowledge, a storage medium, a persuasive tool and an entertaining art form. Paper is a sustainable resource and a permanent document.

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HAND MADE PAPER
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INDUSTRY
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2. The pap
cause
handma
environ
sustaina
or boar
board w
paper p
would b
exporta
per industry
of concern
ade paper
nmentally
able produc
rd produced
was 13,000
production i
be Rs. 70
able commo
y is a forest
n. This pa
making
cleaner pr
ction system
d by hand.
tonnes valu
in India. Th
million, ind
odity.
t based indu
aper highlig
in India,
roduction t
m. Handmad
In 1995 th
ued at Rs. 2
he export v
dicating the
ustry. Deple
ghts the tr
which w
technology
de paper is
he producti
250 million
value of han
e high pote
eting forest
remendous
with its e
will be
defined as
on of hand
which is 0
ndmade pap
ential of th
cover is a
possibiliti
co-friendly
an appro
a sheet of
dmade pape
0.4 % of the
per and pro
e industry
major
es of
and
opriate
paper
er and
e total
oducts
as an

3. 1. Intr
Misuse
limits.
sedimen
smaller
3600 K
populat
drinking
prevent
sustaina
changes
needs o
meet th
in whic
of techn
with pre
2. Statu
roduction.
of natural
In less than
nt load from
and more i
Km2 a year
tion is poor
g water, an
table diseas
ably. A new
s in attitud
of the presen
heir own nee
ch the explo
nological de
esent as we
us of Indian
resources h
n 200 year
m soil erosio
intensively
r. Yet the
r. One in f
nd millions
ses. There i
w kind of
des and pra
nt without
eds (2). Bas
oitation of re
evelopment
ll as future
n Paper Ind
has come c
s, the earth
on has risen
used ones,
paradox is
five hasn’t
of children
is a need to
developmen
actices (1).
compromis
ically, susta
esources, th
t and the in
needs (3). I
dustry Pap
close to test
h has lost s
n 3-fold in m
water withd
s that a la
got enough
n die every
o promote a
nt is neces
Sustainable
ing on the
ainable deve
he direction
stitutional c
In 1980, a w
per
ting the ear
six million
major river
drawals has
rge propor
h food, 25%
y year due
and perfect
ssary, coupl
e developm
ability of fu
elopment is
of investm
charges are
world conser
rth’s capaci
Km2 of for
basins and
s grown from
rtion of the
% are with
to malnutri
t an ethic fo
led with sig
ment is mee
future gener
s a process
ments, the or
all made co
rvation strat
ity to its
rest. The
8-fold in
m 100 to
e worlds
hout safe
ition and
for living
gnificant
eting the
rations to
rientation
onsistent
tegy was

4. Industri
atmosph
mixture
(chemic
finished
generat
is a ma
residue
also ver
indicate
shouldn
product
address
trends o
possibil
environ
product
3. Hand
Handm
formed
called
ies like stee
here. Like
e of raw
cals/fuel) a
d goods. A
ed. Moreov
ajor cause
and variou
ry high in e
e that it is a
n’t wait any
tion techno
sed for surv
of the indus
lities for ha
nmentally cl
tion system
dmade Pap
ade paper i
by means o
a handmad
el, cement,
all manufac
w materials
and convert
At all stag
ver, the pap
of concern
s grasses ar
environmen
already too
y longer to
ology and r
vival. It’s tim
stry in the
andmade pa
leaner prod
(5).
permaking
is a sheet o
of a cylinde
de paper e
chemical a
cturing indu
s (wood
ts them int
ges of the
er industry
. However,
re being use
ntal costs. E
o late for th
take action
raw materia
me for poli
coming yea
aper making
duction tech
and fertilize
ustries, the
/non-wood
to a mixtu
processing
is forest ba
, in India n
ed as a good
Examples fro
he Indian pu
. The prese
al are two
icy makers
ars. This pa
g in India, w
hnology wil
in India
of paper or
er mould an
even if the
er, are know
pulp and p
d), and p
ure of furn
g chain, w
ased and de
non-woody
d substitute
om other in
ulp and pap
ent, environ
basic issu
to think an
aper highlig
which with
l be an app
board prod
nd vat or on
e subsequen
wn for pollu
paper sector
processed
nished and
wastes prod
epleting fore
material li
for wood b
ndustrialized
per industry
mentally un
ues, which
nd decide th
ghts the trem
its eco-frien
propriate su
duced by h
a four dine
nt operatio
uting the
r takes a
material
partially
ducts are
est cover
ike agro-but
that is
d nations
y and we
nfriendly
must be
he future
mendous
ndly and
stainable
hand. If the
er table, it c
ons are car
sheet is
cannot be
rried out

5. Tabl
Y
1953
1960
disconti
Commi
machin
India K
the han
became
encoura
such as
paper, u
their m
concess
some S
handma
the valu
le 1: Perform
Year N
-54
0-61
inuously. It
ission (KVI
e (CMM) w
Khadi and V
ndmade pap
e the Khad
aged this in
s introducin
utilizing loc
marketing e
sions and in
tates (6). D
ade paper un
ue of handm
mance of Hand
No. of workin
Units
40
108
t should, ho
IC) include
with a defin
Village Indu
per industry
di and Villa
ndustry thro
ng new equi
cally availab
efforts. The
ncentives su
Due to the ab
nits grew fr
made paper p
dmade Paper
ng Em
owever, be n
es paper an
nite maximu
ustries Boar
y in its deve
age Industr
ugh financi
ipment, new
ble diverse r
e handmade
uch as centr
bove suppo
rom 35 in 19
production w
r units
mployment
in 800
1
4
noted that t
nd boards
um deckle w
rd was estab
elopment pr
ries Comm
ial assistanc
w technique
raw materia
e paper un
al excise du
rting progra
953 to more
was hardly
the Khadi a
made in t
width of up
blished in 1
rogram. Th
mission (KV
ce and techn
es, developi
als and help
nits also e
uty and sale
am of the K
e than 350 I
Rs. 500,000
Produ
Rs. L
(100,0
uction
Lakhs
000s)
5
24
4
and Village
the cylinde
to 102 cm.
1953 and it
he above bo
VIC), which
nological a
ing new var
ing entrepre
enjoy sever
es tax exem
KVIC the nu
In 1993-94.
0 but it was
Sales
5
21
Industry
er mould
. The All
includes
oard later
h further
ssistance
rieties of
eneurs in
ral fiscal
mptions in
umber of
In 1953,
s more in
Wages
Rs. Lakh
(100,000s
1.7
9.1
hs
s)

6. 1971
1989
1990
1991
1992
-72
9-90
0-91
-92
2-93
In 1995
250 mil
value o
potentia
The han
concent
capacity
Registe
artisans
176
300
325
344
350
5 the produc
llion which
f handmade
al of the ind
ndmade pap
tration in U
y of the unit
ered instituti
s own the u
ction of han
h is 0.4 % o
e paper and
dustry as an
permaking u
U.P., Maha
ts range fro
ions, coope
nits. KVIC
4
5
6
7
7.5
ndmade pape
of the total
products w
exportable
units are sc
arashtra, T
om 50 kgs to
erative socie
has an amb
8
72
85
12
15
1
24
53
10
32
er & board
production
would be Rs.
commodity
cattered thro
amil Nadu
o 700 kgs pe
eties, privat
bitious nati
Sou
was 13,000
n of paper i
. 70 million
y.
oughout the
u, Rajasthan
er day.
te entrepren
onal progra
87
749
921
1238
1605
urce: Review Repo
0 tones valu
n India. Th
, indicating
e country w
n and Ker
neurs and in
am of increa
26.24
194.0
256.0
337.0
426.0
orts of HMPI
ued at Rs.
he export
g the high
with more
ala. The
ndividual
asing the

7. product
in India
handma
tion capacit
a) by the ye
ade paper m
ty to 60,000
ear 2002 (7
making.
0 tonnes (1.2
7). Table 2
2% of the to
shows vari o
tal projecte
ious raw m
ed paper pr
materials use
roduction
ed in the

8. S.NO.
1.
.
RAW
MATERIA
Rag
AL
PROC
CESS CHE
Cookin
Bleachi
ng
ing
EMICAL USED
3-4%
6-8%
or 1
Hyp
lime
or
H2O
+Na
% NaOH,
% Na2CO3
15%Ca(OH)2
pochlorite+
e
O2+Na2CO3
a2SiO3
CONDITIO
ONS AVA
6-8 hrs.
130-1400C
Bath ratio-
2-2.5 hrs
C
1:3
AILABILITY
and new
old
s, threads
olor rags
cotton textile
try,
s, denim
industry
osiery
et
White
rags, o
whites
and co
from c
indust
tailors
fabric
and ho
marke
REMARK
KS
e can
to
H is
ness
eved
er,
r,
e or
Soda silicat
be used up t
40%,
when NaOH
being used
80% brightn
can be achie
Ledger pape
Filter paper
Drawing
paper, Bible
Skin
Paper

9. S.NO
2.
3.
4.
O.
S.NO
RAW
MATERI
W
IAL
Cotton
linters
Jute an
Kenaf
Kenaf
and
Mesta
O.
RAW
MATERI
PRO
OCESS CH
n Pressu
HEMICAL USED
ure
ng 6-8
Cooki
nd
Pressu
Cooki
Open
Cooki
ure
ng
ng
Open
Cooki
W
IAL
PRO
8% NaOH
Na
as
14%
D CONDITI
aOH+Na2SO3
% Na2O
Na
as h
20%
ng
aOH+Na2SO3
high as
% Na2O
15%
5-1
% NaOH+
10% H2O2
OCESS CH
HEMICAL USED
IONS AV
2-4 hrs.
Bath ratio
3
VAILABILITY
o-1:3 Cotto
4 hrs.
160-1650
3 8-10 hrs.
on mills
C West
2hrs.
Bath ratio
D CONDITI
t Bengal,
r, Assam
Bihar
o-1:10
Andh
Oriss
Tami
hra Pradesh,
sa and
il Nadu
IONS AV
VAILABILITY
REMAR
RKS
Very high
strength
tear
High stren
very low
brightness.
Shopping b
cover, tags
folders etc
High tensil
strength an
brightness
level upto
IS0
gth but
.b
ags,
s,
.
le
nd
65%
REMAR
RKS

10. 5.
6
7.
Sun
Hemp
Sisal
Pressu
Cooki
ure
ng Na
Bleach
hing
Open
Cooki
Hy
chl
the
ng -
aOH+Na2SO3
3 -
ypo,
lorination and
en hypo
1hrs. Bath
ratio-1:8
Uttar
r Pradesh
h Oriss
sa, Kerala and
natka
Karn
Used in tis
and cigaret
tissue pape
ssue
tte
er
80% ISO
brightness
d
lor but
h
nd
n
Dark in co
impart high
porosity an
absorption
capacity

11. S.NO.
8.
.
RAW
MATERIA
AL
Banana
PRO
OCESS
Soakin
Pressu
cookin
Bleach
ng
ure
ng
hing
Open c
Wa
dig
hyp
cooking .05
Na
CHEMICAL US
SED CON
ater 8% NaOH
glinification+
pochlorite ble
H O2
aching
5% EDTA+8%
aOH+2% H2O
NDITIONS
20 h
1350
ratio
%
O2
hrs. 2hrs.,
0C Bath
o-1:6
4hrs
ratio
MKP
r
s. Bath
o-1:6
AVAILABILIT
TY REMA
Maharashtra,
Kerala and And
radesh
dhra
ARKS
mely
parent
apers,
y
g
s and
ative
s.
na
s
ior to
ulp
Extrem
thin
transp
like pa
good
quality
strong
tissues
decora
papers
Banan
pulp is
superi
Rag pu

12. 9.
10.
Ankhad
Waste
paper
da Soakin
ng
hing
Bleach
Soakin
15%
Na
ng
% Na2CO3 30
a2CO3 1%hyp
Mi
and
che
0%
po
ld dose of Na
d deinking
emicals
70 h
139
OH
hrs., 400C
hrs., 400C
12 h
hrs.
Gujrat, Punja
Bihar and
Rajasthan
ab,
Pulp substitu
and high grad
deinking was
94%
and
ISO
brig
94%
and
ISO
brig
75%
brig
so it
poss
prod
TCF
utes
de
ste
% yield
49%
Og
htness
% yield
55%
Og
htness
% ISO
ghtness
t is
sible to
duce
F pulp
mix
h other
h
ngth
ps
Adm
with
high
stren
pulp

13. 41i
fr
2s
4. Handma
1. The raw
ndustry, dif
fibres, leaf f
renewable c
2. Pulping o
soda ash, ca
c
chemicals l
d
delignificati
Most of the
white rags a
very low le
which must
necessary, th
the wastewa
extreme cas
organic subs
Mwv
wnt
e
o
3l
de Paper: A
materials
fferent bast
fibres and c
cycles.
of these raw
austic soda
like alkali
ion process
e HMP in I
are used, th
vels of BO
be removed
he effluent
ater with lim
ses, alum ca
stances.
3. Handmad
imited and
Sustaina
used in ha
t fibres avai
cotton and l
able Produc
andmade pa
ilable locall
linter fibres
w materials i
a, oxalates,
sulphide
es. There i
India uses c
here is no c
OD and COD
d and separ
needs treatm
me, which re
an be added
de papermak
d therefore
ction System
apermaking
ly and recy
s are from a
is based on
oxygen, an
and sulphi
s hardly an
cotton rags
cooking and
D, however
rated. When
ment. A sim
educes the C
d to the effl
king units c
uneconomi
m
are the w
cled second
annual plan
n the use of
nd peroxide
ite, chlorin
ny pollution
, both whit
d bleaching
r the efflue
n plant fibre
mple method
COD and th
luent to floc
can make m
ical to pro
waste produc
dary fibres.
nts and there
non-polluti
es. It is not
ne and chlo
n or negativ
te and colo
g and the di
ent contains
es requiring
d is to instal
he AOX con
cculate the
many of the
duce on a
cts of thete
Almost all
efore have
ing chemica
t necessary
orine comp
ve impact o
ored or was
ischarged e
s considerab
g cooking an
ll a few tank
ntent consid
color and C
e specialty p
convention
extile
l bast
short
als such as l
to use har
pounds for
on environm
ste paper. W
effluent con
ble fibre de
nd bleachin
ks and then
derably. In s
COD contai
papers, who
nal paper m
lime,
rmful
r the
ment.
When
ntains
ebris,
g are
treat
some
ining
ose demand
machine. T
ds are
These

14. vpp
4t
varieties inc
papers, ultra
paper for ce
4. Recycling
that recycli
reduction r
in
bonding b
abi
maximum r
imit is alm
material to a
ml
m
5hood
clude fancy
a thin backin
rtificates, le
g reduces c
ng causes
n stretch and
ility, which
recycling lim
most double,
sheet pape
5. Handmad
handmade p
only from sh
of paper ma
direction-ori
and decora
ng paper, pe
egal docum
considerably
a major re
d apparent d
h in turn is
mit should
, i.e., 8 tim
er.
de paper s
paper are sh
haken side
achines. Im
iented fibre
ative base p
ermanent pa
ents etc.
y the paper
eduction in
density. Th
due to red
be 4 times
mes, due pri
shows a be
haken in 4 d
to side or t
mproved form
es on the she
paper, perso
aper for mu
onalized sta
useums, arch
rmaking pot
n breaking
he principal
duced fibre
s. In the ca
imarily mil
etter strengt
different dir
their movem
mation can
eet.
ationary pap
hives, and li
tential of pu
length, bu
cause of th
swelling.It
se of handm
lder conditi
th isotropy
rections, wh
ment is froz
be acheive
per, deckle
ibraries, dur
ulps. It is g
urst and fol
hese change
t is general
made paper
ions of pro
y than mach
hile fibres o
zen immedia
ed in handm
edge
rable
generally ag
ld and a l
es is the red
lly said tha
r this maxim
cessing the
hine paper
of machine
ately on the
made paper
greed
esser
duced
at the
mum
e raw
. The fibre
made pape
e twin wire
r. There are
es of
er are
type
e less

15. 6
6. Hands ma
7. Neutral o
relatively m
ancient pape
This is due t
The long las
mild cookin
7r
a
TT
m
ade papers a
r alkaline si
more perman
er sheets of
to the select
sting charac
ng and dryin
are dried wi
izing with a
nent, semi p
f oriental ori
tion of raw
cter of handm
ng condition
ithout any r
small perc
ermanent an
igin have hi
materials as
made paper
ns.
estraint and
centage of al
nd durable p
igher perma
s well as the
r is sometim
d hence have
lum or with
paper. It ha
anency than
eir subsequ
mes attribute
e natural sh
hout it enabl
s now been
those of Eu
ent processi
ed to gelatin
hrinkage.
les producti
proved, tha
uropean orig
ing into pap
n sizing and
ion
at
gin.
per.
d

16. 5. Problem
Bits of dirt
mottled or d
as drawing
selection of
halls, a sen
extent.
Although p
in basis we
quality whi
When chem
beater. To
painting lev
the Europe
finer varieti
For improv
should be
chemicals o
dispersion
tested with
ms and Eme
t and speck
decorative p
g and art p
f raw mater
nse of clean
pride is take
eight, color
ich can be a
micals are a
maintain s
vel marks o
an method
ies of HMP
vement in sh
taught to
or preferabl
as well as t
good result
erging Solu
ks are invar
papers this i
paper or sta
rials, caref
nliness and
en in the fac
r, whiteness
achieved thr
added to sto
stock consis
on the beate
of stock re
P.
heet formati
the paperm
ly vegetativ
the drainag
ts.
utions in HM
riably found
is not so ser
ationery pa
ful cleaning
good house
ct that no tw
s and gene
rough a prof
ock, they m
stency, the
er. The new
circulation
ion of thinn
makers. The
ve mucilage
ge rate. Muc
MP Units
d in sheets
rious. But in
apers it spe
g of work a
ekeeping co
wo sheets ar
eral appeara
fessional an
must be wei
stock-wate
w Japanese
in the vat a
ner grades o
e formation
’s. The veg
cilage of Ca
of handma
n white or s
eaks of low
areas, dryin
ould solve t
re the same
ance are im
nd scientific
ghed and n
er level sho
method of
are things th
of paper, the
n aids coul
getable muci
actus (Opiu
ade paper,
semi white s
w quality.
g of sheets
the problem
with HMP,
mportant par
c methods of
not simply p
ould be ma
sheet form
hat can be
e use of form
ld be eithe
ilage contro
untia bellon
however in
sheets, such
The proper
in covered
m to a great
, uniformity
rameters of
f operation.
put into the
intained by
mation and a
adopted for
mation aids
er synthetic
ols the fibre
ni) has been
nh
rdt
y
f.eyar
s
ce
n

17. In the prese
Tulsi seed,
various fibr
good result
aids also im
is also bein
natural poly
“Zero efflu
6. Conclus
The hand m
allows a la
proximity
supplies an
potential. A
stop the we
for rural de
ent work va
the wild va
res is being
ts. Similarly
mprove fibre
ng carried
yelectrolyte
uent Mill” st
ion
made paper
arge canvas
to consum
nd products
As the Indian
ealth drain f
evelopment.
arious locall
ariety of Bh
g graded. Am
y, the ban t
e retention,
out on the
e’s. The pos
tatus can be
r industry w
s for mill
mer or expo
s to variou
n economy
from rural t
ly available
hindi (Ambr
mbrettie us
tulsi seed i
hence the l
treatment
ssibility of r
e achieved.
with minim
location ta
orter center
us consume
is a rural ec
to urban are
e plants mat
rettie) etc. a
ed with jute
imparts goo
loss of fibre
of the fina
reusing trea
terials such
are identifie
e and rag fi
od drainage
e reduces by
l effluent b
ated water i
mum effluen
aking advan
rs, easy ac
er centers,
conomy, thi
eas but also
as the seed
d and their
fibres have s
characteris
y up to 50%
by water hy
s being stud
nt discharge
ntage of se
ccessibility
as well as
is productio
o establish a
d of the Ban
efficacy on
shown very
stics. These
%. Research
yacinth and
died so that
e and smal
everal optio
for transp
s a large e
on system w
strong ind
nny
eh
dt
l size units
s
ons such as
s
portation of
employment
will not only
dustrial base
fty
e

18. References
Caring for th
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