1. Understanding diseases
and its major treatment
MANNY P. DALEON
Trainer

2. Disease
A disease or medical condition is an
abnormal condition of an organism that
impairs bodily functions, associated with
specific symptoms and signs. It may be
caused by external factors, such as infectious
disease, or it may be caused by internal
dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases.
In holistic medicine and alternative medicine
tradition, disease is said to be caused by
energetic imbalances in physical, emotional,
spiritual, social and/or environmental needs .

3. Disease
 In
humans, "disease" is often
used more broadly to refer to
any condition that causes pain,
dysfunction, distress, social
problems, and/or death to the
person afflicted, or similar
problems for those in contact
with the person.

4. Disease
 In
this broader sense, it sometimes
includes
injuries,
disabilities,
disorders, syndromes, infections,
isolated
symptoms,
deviant
behaviors, and atypical variations
of structure and function, while in
other contexts and for other
purposes these may be considered
distinguishable categories.

5. Disease
Death
due to disease is
called death by natural
causes.

6. Terminology

7. Infection

This term broadly refers to any abnormal
condition that impairs normal function.
Commonly, this term is used to refer
specifically to infectious diseases, which
are clinically evident diseases that result
from the presence of pathogenic
microbial agents, including viruses,
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular
parasites, and aberrant proteins known
as prions.

8. Infection
An infection that does not
produce
clinically
evident
impairment of normal functioning
is not considered a disease.
Non-infectious diseases are all
other diseases, including most
forms of cancer, heart disease,
and genetic disease.

9. Illness

Illness and sickness are generally
used as synonyms for disease.
However, this term is occasionally
used to refer specifically to the
patient's personal experience of his or
her disease.

10. Illness

In this model, it is possible for a
person to be diseased without being
ill, (to have an objectively definable,
but asymptomatic, medical condition),
and to be ill without being diseased
(such as when a person perceives a
normal experience as a medical
condition, or medicalizes a nondisease situation in his or her life).

11. Illness

Illness is often not due to infection
but a collection of evolved
responses, sickness behavior, by
the body aids the clearing of
infection. Such aspects of illness
can include lethargy, depression,
anorexia, sleepiness, hyperalgesia,
and inability to concentrate.

12. Disorder

In medicine, a disorder is a functional
abnormality or disturbance. Medical
disorders can be categorized into
mental disorders, physical disorders,
genetic disorders, emotional and
behavioral disorders, and functional
disorders.

13. Disorder

The term disorder is often considered
more value-neutral and less stigmatizing
than the terms disease or illness, and
therefore is preferred terminology in
some circumstances. In mental health,
the term mental disorder is used as a
way of acknowledging the complex
interaction of biological, social, and
psychological factors in psychiatric
conditions.

14. Disorder

However, the term disorder is also
used in many other areas of
medicine, primarily to identify
physical disorders that are not
caused by infectious organisms,
such as organic brain syndrome.

15. Medical condition

A medical condition is a broad term
that includes all diseases and
disorders, but can include [injuries]
and normal health situations, such as
pregnancy, that might affect a person's
health,
benefit
from
medical
assistance, or have implications for
medical treatments.

16. Medical condition

While the term medical condition
generally includes mental illnesses, in
some contexts the term is used
specifically to denote any illness, injury,
or disease except for mental illnesses.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used
psychiatric manual that defines all
mental disorders, uses the term general
medical condition to refer to all diseases,
illnesses, and injuries except for mental
disorders.

17. Medical condition

This usage is also commonly seen in
the psychiatric literature. Some health
insurance policies also define a
medical condition as any illness,
injury,
or
disease
except
for
psychiatric illnesses.

18. 
As it is more value-neutral than terms
like disease, the term medical
condition is sometimes preferred by
people with health issues that they do
not consider to be deleterious, such as
pregnancy. On the other hand, by
emphasizing the medical nature of the
condition, this term is sometimes
rejected, such as by proponents of the
autism rights movement.

19. 
The term medical condition is used
as a synonym for medical state,
where it describes a patient's
current state, as seen from a
medical standpoint. This usage is
seen in statements that describe a
patient as being "in critical
condition", for example.

20. Morbidity

Morbidity (from Latin morbidus: sick,
unhealthy) refers to a diseased state,
disability, or poor health due to any
cause. The term may be used to refer
to the existence of any form of
disease, or to the degree that the
health condition affects the patient.
Among severely ill patients, the level
of morbidity is often measured by ICU
scoring systems.

21. Comorbidity
is
the
simultaneous presence
of
two
medical
conditions, such as a
person
with
schizophrenia
and
substance abuse.

22.  In
epidemiology and actuarial
science, the term morbidity rate
can refer to either the incidence
rate, or the prevalence of a
disease or medical condition.
This measure of sickness is
contrasted with the mortality rate
of a condition, which is the
proportion of people dying during
a given time interval.

23. Infectious disease
 An
infectious disease is a
clinically evident illness resulting
from the presence of pathogenic
microbial
agents,
including
pathogenic viruses, pathogenic
bacteria,
fungi,
protozoa,
multicellular
parasites,
and
aberrant proteins known as
prions.

24. Infectious disease

These pathogens are able to cause
disease in animals and/or plants.
Infectious pathologies are also called
communicable
diseases
or
transmissible diseases due to their
potential of transmission from one
person or species to another by a
replicating agent (as opposed to a
toxin).

25.  Transmission
of an infectious
disease may occur through one
or more of diverse pathways
including physical contact with
infected
individuals.
These
infecting agents may also be
transmitted
through
liquids,
food, body fluids, contaminated
objects, airborne inhalation, or
through vector-borne spread.

26.  Transmissible
diseases which
occur through contact with an
ill person or their secretions,
or objects touched by them,
are especially infective, and
are sometimes referred to as
contagious diseases.

27.  Infectious
(communicable)
diseases which usually require a
more
specialized
route
of
infection,
such
as
vector
transmission, blood or needle
transmission,
or
sexual
transmission, are usually not
regarded as contagious, and thus
not are not as amenable to
medical quarantine of victims.

28.  The
term
infectivity
describes the ability of an
organism to enter, survive
and multiply in the host,
while the infectiousness of
a disease indicates the
comparative ease with
which the disease is
transmitted to other hosts.

29. An
infection however, is
not synonymous with an
infectious disease, as
an infection may not
cause important clinical
symptoms or impair
host function.

30. Stages

In an infectious disease, the
incubation period is the time between
infection and the appearance of
symptoms. The latency period is the
time between infection and the ability
of the disease to spread to another
person, which may precede, follow, or
be simultaneous with the appearance
of symptoms.

31. Stages

Some viruses also exhibit a dormant
phase, called viral latency, in which
the virus hides in the body in an
inactive state. For example, varicella
zoster virus causes chickenpox in the
acute phase; after recovery from
chickenpox, the virus may remain
dormant in nerve cells for many years,
and later cause herpes zoster
(shingles).

32. 
A cure is the end of a medical
condition or a treatment that is very
likely to end it, while remission refers
to the disappearance, possibly
temporarily, of symptoms. Complete
remission is the best possible
outcome for incurable diseases.

33. A
flare-up can refer to
either the recurrence of
symptoms or an onset of
more severe symptoms.

34.  Refractory
disease is a
disease
that
resists
treatment, especially an
individual case that resists
treatment more than is
normal for the specific
disease in question.

35. Scope
A
localized disease is one
that affects only one part of
the body, such as athlete's
foot or an eye infection.

36. Scope
A
disseminated disease
has spread to other
parts; with cancer, this is
usually called metastatic
disease.

37. Scope
A
systemic disease is a
disease that affects the
entire body, such as
influenza or high blood
pressure.

38. Common Infectious Diseases
for Massage Therapists

39. Impetigo
 mostly
affects
children,
caused by strep or staph
organisms. Superficial v
vesicle which ruptures and
forms a thick yellowish
crust. Most commonly on
the face but can spread
through scratching

40. Staph Infections
Infection
of hair follicles,
oil glands or sweat
glands cased by Staph
organisms which cause
inflammation
and
formation of abscesses

41. Food Poisoning
illness
due
to
ingestion of foods that
are contaminated with
bacteria

42. Tuberculosis (TB)
inflammatory
infection
commonly involving the
respiratory
system
currently on the upsurge
due
to
more
drug
resistant strains

43. Tetanus
infection
which causes
painful contraction of
voluntary muscles

44. Viral Infectious Diseases

45. Verruca Vulgaris
Common
Wart -raised,
rough cauliflower like
papules

46. Herpes Simplex
cold
sore/fever blisters.
Highly contagious. Also
accompanied by fever,
joint pain, swollen lymph
nodes

47. Herpes Zoster
shingles.
Caused by
same
virus
that
causes chicken pox.
Viruses live in the
dorsal root ganglia

48. AIDS

49. Hepatitis

50. Chicken pox, measles and
mumps
highly
contagious
through respiratory
pathways and direct
contact.
Blotches,
rashes or spots and
fever.

51. Rabies

52. Flu and cold
fever,
chills,
headache,
myalgia, cough
and sore throat

53. Fungal Diseases (not usually
contagious)
1. Athletes foot- scales, itching
and redness between toes
and soles of the feet

54. Fungal Diseases (not usually
contagious)
1. Athletes foot- scales, itching
and redness between toes
and soles of the feet
2. Ringworm
- red ringed
patches of vesicles with
itching and scaling

55. Fungal Diseases (not usually
contagious)
1. Athletes foot- scales, itching
and redness between toes
and soles of the feet
2. Ringworm
- red ringed
patches of vesicles with
itching and scaling
3. Thrush and yeast infections

56. Allergens - non infectious that
affect the skin
1.
Contact Dermatitis - skin
reaction
to
external
substance chemical irritant or
hypersensitivity
reaction,
characterized by rash limited
to area of contact

57. Allergens - non infectious that
affect the skin
1.
Contact Dermatitis - skin reaction to external
substance
chemical
irritant
or
hypersensitivity reaction, characterized by
rash limited to area of contact
2.
Atopic
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin from
food allergies and inhalants

58. Allergens - non infectious that
affect the skin
1.
2.
3.
Contact Dermatitis - skin reaction to external
substance chemical irritant or hypersensitivity
reaction, characterized by rash limited to area of
contact
Atopic dermatitis - inflammation of the skin from
food allergies and inhalants
Hives - allergic reaction to
stings, food allergies, drug
allergies, or nut based oils

59. Other 1.
Seborrhea – dandruff

60. Other Seborrhea - dandruff
2. Psoriasis and eczema - mild
itchy, red dry spots and
silvery scales or dry cracked
fissured skin with unknown
cause
1.

61. Other Seborrhea - dandruff
2. Psoriasis and eczema - mild
itchy, red dry spots and
silvery scales or dry cracked
fissured skin with unknown
cause
3. Acne - chronic inflammation
of oil glands
1.

62. Disease transmission
 Some
diseases such as
influenza are contagious and
infectious.
The
microorganisms that cause these
diseases are known as
pathogens
and
include
varieties of bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and fungi.

63. Disease transmission
 Infectious
diseases can be
transmitted by as, by hand-tomouth contact with infectious
material on surfaces, by bites of
insects or other carriers of the
disease, and from contaminated
water or food (often via faecal
contamination), etc.

64. Disease transmission
 In
addition, there are sexually
transmitted diseases. In some
cases, micro-organisms that are
not readily spread from person to
person play a role, while other
diseases can be prevented or
ameliorated
with
appropriate
nutrition
or
other
lifestyle
changes.

65. Some
diseases, such as
most (but not all) forms of
cancer, heart disease
and mental disorders, are
non-infectious diseases.

66. Many
non-infectious
diseases have a partly
or completely genetic
basis
(see
genetic
disorder) and may thus
be transmitted from one
generation to another.

67. Social significance of disease
A
condition may be considered to
be a disease in some cultures or
eras but not in others. Conditions
such
as
attention-deficit
hyperactivity disorder and obesity
are considered to be diseases by
some developed countries, but
have been regarded differently in
other cultures.

68. Social significance of disease
 For
example, obesity can also
represent
wealth
and
abundance, and is a status
symbol in famine-prone areas
and some places hard-hit by
HIV/AIDS.

69.  Sickness
confers the social
legitimization
of
certain
benefits, such as illness
benefits, work avoidance, and
being looked after by others.
In return, there is an obligation
on the sick person to seek
treatment and work to become
well once more.

70.  As
a comparison, consider
pregnancy, which is not
usually interpreted as a
disease or sickness by the
individual. On the other
hand, it is considered by
the medical community as a
condition requiring medical
care.

71. 
The identification of a condition as a disease,
rather than as simply a variation of human
structure or function, can have significant
social or economic implications. The
controversial recognitions as diseases of
post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as
"Soldier's heart," "shell shock," and "combat
fatigue;" repetitive motion injury or repetitive
stress injury (RSI); and Gulf War syndrome
has had a number of positive and negative
effects on the financial and other
responsibilities of governments, corporations
and institutions towards individuals, as well
as on the individuals themselves.

72.  The
social implication of viewing
aging as a disease could be
profound, though this classification is
not yet widespread. Lepers were a
group of afflicted individuals who
were historically shunned and the
term "leper" still evokes social
stigma. Fear of disease can still be a
widespread social phenomenon,
though not all diseases evoke
extreme social stigma.

73.  Social
standing and economic
status affect health. Diseases of
poverty are diseases that are
associated with poverty and low
social
status;
diseases
of
affluence are diseases that are
associated with high social and
economic status. Which diseases
are associated with which states
varies according to time, place,
and technology.

74.  Some
diseases, such as diabetes
mellitus, may be associated with both
poverty (poor food choices) and
affluence (long life spans and
sedentary lifestyles), through different
mechanisms. The term disease of
civilization describes diseases that
are more common among older
people. For example, cancer is far
more common in societies in which
most members live until they reach
the age of 80 than in societies in
which most members die before they
reach the age of 50.