This document defines and compares inductive and deductive reasoning. It also explains the concept of a syllogism. Inductive reasoning uses specific examples to support a generalized conclusion, while deductive reasoning presents a claim and then provides evidence to support that conclusion. A syllogism asserts that if the major and minor premises are true, then the logical conclusion must also be true. The document provides an example syllogism and notes that most arguments cannot be reduced to a simple syllogism but may incorporate syllogistic elements. It concludes by offering suggestions for ending an argument decisively.
1. Forms of Argumentation
A Few Quick Terms to Discuss with Pages
479-481 (The Prentice Hall Reader)
2. Inductive Reasoning
Specific Evidence Generalized Conclusion
Focuses on examples
“Hides” the thesis until the reader is involved.
Works well for a thesis that may automatically be
rejected by readers.
3. Deductive Reasoning
Claim or Assumption Evidence and Support
Gives thesis early and then provides the support
for that conclusion.
Runs the risk of alienating readers. Use the
introduction to engage readers.
4. Syllogism
Simplest form of deductive argument.
Asserts that a major premise/assumption is true. A
minor premise/assumption is also true. This means
that the logical conclusion is proven to be true.
Example:
Major Premise = All people should have equal
opportunities.
Minor Premise = Minorities are people.
Conclusion = Minorities should have equal opportunities.
5. Notes on Syllogisms
Most arguments cannot be reduced to a
syllogism. This is the most basic logic, and we
rarely work that way.
Although a syllogism may not be the framework
for an argument, it can often be integral to the
argument.
Break down deductive arguments to look for a
basic syllogism.
6. Endings
END DECISIVELY!
Call to Action
Reinforce thesis
Thought-provoking question
Powerful image
Final reminders
