1. Innovation: création/destruction Philippe Dumas Professeur émérite, Université du Sud, Toulon, France

2. Innovation et Intelligence territoriale Intelligence territoriale: comprendre pourquoi et faire en sorte qu’un territoire soit intelligent Un territoire est un système vivant, donc ouvert, donc adaptatif … Donc innovant, par définition Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 2

3. Proposition de réflexion Ne pas se laisser abuser par les slogans à la mode Alchimie de l’innovation: l’innovation, c’est dangereux! Il n’y a pas de recette Le technique et le social L’individu et le groupe Un cas: la méthode Steve Jobs Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 3

4. L’innovation, un mythe? Slogans managériaux et terreur de la base Affrontement entre progrès et destruction; la problématique du changement « Comment faire en sorte que l'alchimie complexe des relations entre les nombreux acteurs de l'innovation puisse engendrer une réaction collective cohérente, tendant vers des objectifs relevant d'une vision partagée? » Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 4

5. La recette du territoire innovant Yaka: une idéologie de l’innovation « The process of social interactions between individuals undertaken to reach certain outcomes is participative, involves a number of actors and stakeholders who have a vested interest in solving a social problem, and empowers the beneficiaries. It is in itself an outcome as it produces social capital. » (Hubert, EU, 2010) Même nature que l’éducation Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 5

6. Technique et social La destruction créatrice peut être le modèle de la production marchande où innovation technologique et consommation se répondent dialectiquement. Est-elle applicable à l’espace public ? aux biens publics – les « commons »--(Ostrom & Change, 2002) ? aux relations sociales ? Il apparaît pourtant que l’innovation technique et l’innovation sociale sont liées (Flichy, 2003) (Rogers, 2003) Adoption, diffusion virale, choc collectif Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 6

7. Individu et groupe Le créatif ne fait pas l’innovation territoriale à lui seul Acceptation, entraînement, manipulation Processus incrémental, cumulatif, inscrit dans le temps (date, durée) Discours performatif et soutien idéaliste …. Et pourtant Steve Jobs a changé la vie d’une partie de la planète en défiant maintes règles Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 7

9. Première époque

10. Deuxième époqueDumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 8

11. Les dix commandements • Go for perfect • Keep your secrets • Shun focus groups • Be ruthless • Keep teams small • Use more carrot than stick • Neverstop studying • Tap the experts • Prototype to the extreme • Simplify Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 9 Deutschmann, A. (2011, août 29). Exit the King. Newsweek, (Sept 5, 2011), 20-27.

12. • Go for perfect : Jobs sweats the details. The night before the first iPod launched, the Apple staff stayed up all night replacing headphone jacks because Jobs didn't think they were "clicky" enough. • Keep your secrets: Nobody at Apple talks. Everything is on a need-to-know basis, with the company divided into discrete cells. The secrecy allows Jobs to generate frenzied interest for his surprise product demonstrations, and the resulting headlines ensure lines around the block. • Shun focus groups: Jobs famously said, "People don't know what they want until you show it to them." So he acts as a one-man focus group, taking prototype products home and testing them for months. Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 10

13. • Be ruthless: Jobs is as proud of the products he has killed as of the ones he has released. He worked hard on a Palm Pilot clone, only to kill it when he realized cell phones would eclipse PDAs. That freed up his engineers to develop the iPod. • Keep teams small: The original Macintosh team was 100 people; no more, no less. If a 101st person was hired, someone was ditched to make room. Jobs was convinced he could remember the first names of only 100 people. • Use more carrot than stick: Jobs is scary, but his charisma is his most powerful motivator. His enthusiasm was the primary reason the original Mac team worked 90-hour weeks for three years making the machine "insanely great. » Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 11

14. • Neverstop studying: When designing early brochures for Apple, he pored over Sony's use of fonts, layout, and the weight of the paper. Working on the case for the first Mac, he wandered around Apple's parking lot studying the bodywork of German and Italian cars. • Tap the experts: Jobs hired architect I. M. Pei to design the NeXT logo and recruited the Gap's Mickey Drexler to Apple's board before launching the company's retail chain. • Prototype to the extreme: Everything Jobs does is exhaustively prototyped: the hardware, the software, even Apple's retail stores. Architects and designers spent a year building a prototype store in a secret warehouse near Apple’s office, only to have Jobs scrap the project and startover. • Simplify: Jobs's design philosophy is one of constant simplification. He ordered the iPod's designers to lose all the buttons on early prototypes, including the on/off button. The designers complained, then developed the iconic scroll wheel instead. Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 12

15. Urbs, urbanité, vivre ensemble…. Merci. dumas@univ-tln.fr Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 13

16. Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 14

17. Quelques références Deutschmann, A. (2011, août 29). Exit the King. Newsweek, (Sept 5, 2011), 20-27. Flichy, P. (2003). L’innovation technique. Récents développements en sciences sociales, vers une nouvelle théorie de l’innovation. La Découverte. Hubert, A., ed. (2010, mai). Empowering people, driving change: Social innovation in the European Union. European Union. Consulté de http://ec.europa.eu/bepa/pdf/publications_pdf/social_innovation.pdf Ostrom, E., & Change, N. R. C. (U S. ) C. on the H. D. of G. (2002). The drama of the commons. National AcademiesPress. Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition. Simon and Schuster. Schumpeter, J. (1990). Capitalisme, socialisme et démocratie. Payot. Dumas, Caenti, Liège, Sept 2011 15