3. Mitochondrial Structure Matrix Inner Membrane Intermembrane Space Cristae Outer Membrane

9. Energy Investment Phase

10. Energy Yielding Phase

11. Substrate Level Phosphorylation Mode of ATP Synthesis Substrate Phosphorylation Enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

13. Animation of Glycolysis http://henge.bio.miami.edu/mallery/movies/glycolysis.mov University of Virginia

16. Alcohol Fermentation

18. Lactic Acid Fermentation

21. Pyruvic Acid  Acetyl - Co A + CO 2 + NADH

23. Pyruvic Acid  Acetyl - Co A + CO 2 + NADH

30. Krebs Cycle Animation

35. Mode of ATP Synthesis Substrate Phosphorylation Enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP Oxidative Phosphorylation Enzymes result in the transfer of electrons to O 2 . This transfer of energy is used to phosphorylate ADP with free P i .

41. Electron Transport Chain Animation

42. Aerobic Respiration Overview Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glucose Plasma membrane Extracellular fluid Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Pyruvate Glycolysis ATP NADH ATP H 2 O O 2 Electron transport system ATP NADH CO 2 Krebs cycle NADH Acetyl-CoA

43. Krebs Cycle NADH NADH NADH ATP ATP ATP ATP ADP + P i INNER COMPARTMENT OUTER COMPARTMENT acetyl-CoA free oxygen 6 H + flows back into inner compartment, through ATP synthases. Flow drives ATP formation. 1 Pyruvate from cytoplasm enters inner mitochondrial compartment. 3 NADH and FADH 2 give up electrons and H + to electron transfer chains. 2 Krebs cycle and preparatory steps: NAD + and FADH 2 accept electrons and hydrogen. ATP forms. Carbon dioxide forms. 5 Oxygen accepts electrons, joins with H + to form water. 4 As electrons move through the transfer chains, H + is pumped to outer compartment.